Final

Question 1

Immunocytochemistry & Immunohistochemistry

Answer 1

Immunocytochemistry (ICC)
performed on samples of intact cells that have had most surrounding extracellular matrix removed cultured cellso allows researchers to determine sub-cellular compartments expressing antigen

Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
performed on sections of biological tissues, where each cell is surrounded by tissue and other cells in the intact tissue
e.g. tissue sectionso allows researchers to determine which regions of tissue or organism express antigen

Question 2

Flow Cytometry

Answer 2

laser based, biophysical

technology employed in cell counting

Question 3

SDS‐PAGE

Answer 3

method for
separating proteins of different sizes
specific antigens are targeted using labelled antibodies
Provides bands in gel

Question 4

Definition of Epidemiology

Answer 4

study of occurrence and distribution of disease in specified populations

Question 5

Centi / mili / micro / nano meter

Answer 5

centi 10^-2
Mili 10^-3
Micro 10^-6
Nano 10^-9

Question 6

Describe x:y dilution

Answer 6

x/y concentration

Question 7

n calculations

Answer 7

n = m/M
n = grams / Molecular mass

n = cv

Question 8

Vancouver refference

Answer 8

Surname Initials, title, Year/month/day, issue, page numbers (volume) : page range

Surname Initials, title, edition, city, Year.

Question 9

Disease outbreak investigations:

Answer 9

epidemics (cross international borders)

endemics (local populations)

Pandemic: disease affects a large population

Endemic: constant presence of disease

Cluster: aggregation of uncommon diseases in space/time

Question 10

Experimental Study Designs

Answer 10

randomised control trial: use patients as subjects, investigate effect of a treatment or intervention on specific disease

Field trials: participants are healthy people, purpose is to prevent low frequency disease

community trials : participants are communities

These are gold standard

Question 11

Observational vs. RCT

Answer 11

observational: inability to randomise, lower form of evidence than RCT as groups may not be the same as the start and other factors may be responsible for the result

Question 12

Types of Errors

Answer 12

Type I: false positive
reject null hypothesis when groups are really equal

Type II: false negative
fail to reject null hypothesis when groups are different

Question 13

T-Test

Answer 13

compares means between two unrelated groups on same continuous, dependent variable.
compare test statistic to critical value

is t < critical value 95 %?
no: reject null hypothesis, yes: do not reject null

Question 14

Chi-Squared Test:

Answer 14

used to determine whether distribution of cases in a single categorical variable follows a known or hypothesised distribution

is t < critical value 95 %?
no: reject null hypothesis, yes: do not reject null

Question 15

P-Values

Answer 15

likely that difference is due to ‘noise’ -> unexplained variation

P value of less than 0.05 is statistically significant and null hypothesis is rejected

if P<0.05, there is less than a 1 in 20 chance (5%) that the difference is due to noise

Question 16

Qualitative vs. Quantitative

Answer 16

Qualitative - identify presence or absence of analyte (pathogen, antigen, antibody, toxin) with no numeral value given

Quantitative - tests that are reported numerically: how much of the analyte is in the sampleo reported in comparison to a reference interval

Question 17

analytical studies :

Answer 17

cross sectional studies

cohort study

Case-control study

Question 18

cohort study

Answer 18

begin with group of people free of disease of interest – classify into subgroups depending on exposure to potential cause of disease – variable of interest is specified and measured (no intervention) over time benefits : no intervention, best info about cause/effect, can examine multiple outcomes of single exposure, reduce bias, directly measure incidence of disease in exposed / unexposed populations drawbacks : need large number of participants, expensive, time consuming, validity affected by losses due to follow up

Question 19

Attack rates

Answer 19

Percentage of those who became ill of those who ate the food

hot chicken: 156 / 343 = 45%

of those who ate hot chicken, 45% became sick

Question 20

Relative Risk

Answer 20

Risk of illness in those who eat each food, relative to those who did not

attack rate if ate / attack rate did not eat ->
45% / 30% = 1.5

Question 21

case-control studies

Answer 21

begin with group of people with disease (cases) AND group of people without disease (controls)

look at possible cause of disease in both groups

benefits:Good for rare disease with long latency

Bad because of reliance on records

Question 22

Ethics

Answer 22

informed consent

ethical conduct: have ethics application approved

publication: not published without ethics approval

Question 23

Pillars of Human Research

Answer 23

Research must be and have:

Merit and integrity
Justice
Beneficence(ethical)
Respect

Question 24

Funding categories

Answer 24

category 1: Australian Competitive Grants

Category 2: Other Public Sector Research Income

Category 3: Industry and Other Research Income

Category 4: Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) Research Income