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MMII > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

protein fiber

A

a fiber comprised of protein, from an animal

ex. silk, wool

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2
Q

Cellulosic fiber

A

made from plant or plant based materials

ex. cotton, linen, jute, hemp, bamboo

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3
Q

silk

A

-natural protein fiber
-several species, but 90% comes from a caterpillar that eats mulberry leaves
Appearance: smooth or slubby, shiny, crisp good drape
Pros: good tensile strength, luxurious hand
Cons: may water spot, yellows with age, degraded by UV light

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4
Q

wool

A
  • natural protein fiber
  • hair from any animal
  • luxury fibers come from alpaca, camels, rabbits, and goats (angora and cashmere)
  • different kinds of sheep= different types of wool
  • long fine hair makes worsted wool which is smooth and fine surface and good drape
  • short curly hair makes hefty fabrics with a warm hand
  • Pros: resists wrinkling, absorbent, resilient, burns slowly and self extinguishes, drapability
  • Cons: can be tricky to clean, can be prickly, too warm
  • APPEARANCE: worsted, smooth, short , springy, varies
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5
Q

cotton

A
  • natural cellulosic fiber
  • soft, fluffy fiber that grows in a protective capsule, around the seeds of the cotton plant
  • shrub is native to the Americas, Africa and India
  • cotton is most widely used natural fiber in cloth
  • Pros: absorbent, dyes well
  • Cons: flammable unless treated with chemicals, tends to wrinkle and soil
  • appearance: soft and good drape
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6
Q

linen

A

-natural cellulosic fiber
-linen is the textile made from the fibers of the flax plant
-valued for coolness and freshness in hot weather
-Pros: lint free, resists pilling, and degradation from UV light, absorbent, dyes well, resists dirt and stains
-Cons: wrinkles, reacts to moisture in air, elongates and shrinks with change in humidity (low elasticity) affected by mildew, odors and bleach
APPEARANCE: crisp, smooth or slubs (clubs with intent, not defect)

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7
Q

Rayon

A

-cellulosic man-made fiber
-discovered in the 1890s, rayon was created to mimic the feel of silk
-rayon is made from a combination of wood pulp and is chemically bonded into synthetic fibers of cellulose
-Pros: absorbent, easy to dye, drapes well, soft, smooth
-cons: need to check wash/care instructions, can wrinkle
APPEARANCE: can mimic the feel and texture of silk, wool, cotton and linen

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8
Q

polyester

A
  • non cellulosic fiber
  • springy hand, resists wrinkling, shrinkage, mildew, melts, self extinguishes, oleophilic
  • pleats and creases must be heat set, crisp hand
  • carpet, multipurpose, use in blends for upholstery
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9
Q

nylon

A
  • non cellulosic fiber
  • strong, elastic, abrasion resistant, resits damage by many chemicals, low absorbency, hydrophobic
  • lustrous, can be fine or coarse depending on fiber cross section and size
  • carpet, upholstery, drapery, blends may pill
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10
Q

acrylic

A
  • non cellulosic fiber
  • low absorbency, dyeable, resists wrinkling, soiling and damage from UV
  • can resemble cotton or wool
  • carpeting, upholstery, novelty, may pill unless continuous fiber
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11
Q

polypropylene

A
  • non cellulosic fiber
  • high bulk, resists abrasion, moisture, UV chemicals, low melting temp, oleophilic
  • springy waxy feel
  • carpeting, upholstery, used in blends
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12
Q

glass

A
  • non cellulosic fiber
  • fiberglass is nonabsorbent, flame resistant
  • heavy, can cause skin irritation if handled excessively, the term glass curtains is also used in place of the term sheers, which may be made of another fiber
  • window covering
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13
Q

ply

A

yarn: the number of yarns twisted together

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14
Q

denier

A

yarn: thickness of the yarn or linear mass

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15
Q

weaving

A

creating a form by interlacing long threads running in one direction with other threads at a right angle to them

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16
Q

solution dyeing

A

pigment is added to the solution before fibers are spun

-these fabrics will resist fading and will resist water borne stains (such as bodily fluids, bleach, etc.)

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17
Q

fiber or stock dyeing

A

fibers are dyed

-through fiber color, not just on surface

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18
Q

piece dying

A

fabric is dyed after it has been woven
-if a single fiber is used, fabric will be a singe color. if two different fibers are used that respond different to the dye used, various effects will result

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19
Q

leather: hide

A

imperfect-sized rectangles of consistent materials

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20
Q

leather: grades

A

tanneries grade the skins they are processing according to their quality and presence of damage

  • 41 hide: free from holes, cuts, deep scores
  • 42 hide: contains 1-4 holes, cuts, or deep scores
  • 43 hide: contains 5 or more of the imperfections above
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21
Q

leather: grain

A

texture of the skin

  • full grain/full top: when the genuine grain remains, this is the highest quality skin
  • top grain: the real grain has been sanded away and an imitation grain is stamped into the leather. top grain will typically be more resistant to soiling
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22
Q

most common fabric width

A

54” wide, 40, 42, 48 are also possible

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23
Q

railroaded

A

fabric roll is turned longways (roll goes vertical) and this is not always allowed for some fabrics

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24
Q

welting

A

finishing on upholstery that can hide seams and be used for decorative purposes

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25
Q

natural carpet fibers pros/cons: wool

A

-wool: expensive compared to other fibers, subject to static electricity

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26
Q

natural carpet fibers pros/cons: silk

A

-silk: great luster, more expensive than wool, not resilient or durable enough for commercial use, dry clean only

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27
Q

natural carpet fibers pros/cons: nylon

A

-nylon: most durable fiber for abrasion resistance, resists: mildew, moths, mold, waterborne stains, but said to be ugly out before it wears out, subject to static electricity

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28
Q

natural carpet fibers pros/cons: Polypropylene

A

-Polypropylene AKA olefin: good stain/fade resistant, durable against abrasion, inexpensive, but flattens in high traffic areas, affinity to oil borne stains

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29
Q

natural carpet fibers pros/cons: acrylic

A

-Acrylic: typically in a blend, soft, resilient to fading, but low abrasion and can pill

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30
Q

natural carpet fibers pros/cons: polyester

A

-polyester: soft, dyes well, resists fading, but poor resilience/crushing, needs very high density of yarns to overcome

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31
Q

BCF

A

bulk continuous filament: (nylon, olefin) long filaments of fiber that are plied together to form continuous strands

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32
Q

staple fiber

A

(polyester, wool, cotton, some nylon)

  • yarns that are produced in short lengths spun and twisted together to form long threads of yarn tufted into carpets
  • can shed carpet fibers for a period of time after installation. noticed after vacuuming
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33
Q

gauge

A

distance between the needles

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34
Q

stitch rate or stitches per inch

A

the number of times per inch a stitch occurs

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35
Q

pile height

A

the length of the tuft from the backing to the tip

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36
Q

face/ounce weight

A

the weight of the carpet fiber per square yard of carpet as measured in ounces

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37
Q

density

A

how closely together the fibers are tufted into the carpet backing

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38
Q

modular tiles

A
  • cut from broadloom carpet with PVC backing
  • typically in 18” or 36” squares but sizes varies
  • allow for easy replacement
  • may be installed with adhesive, peel and stick, loose laid or set with release adhesive
  • backing provides a moisture barrier between the pile yarn and the subfloor
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39
Q

carpet backing

A

two types

  • primary: the backing the tufts are inserted into. can be made of jute, cotton, synthetics. most common is polypropylene
  • secondary: a puddle of latex is poured and spread across the back of the primary backing and a secondary backing is applied to give the carpet dimensional stability
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40
Q

installing carpet tile

A
  • may be loose laid or glued down
  • the designer needs to specify positioning an arrangement of the tiles. check with manu.
  • avoid skinny slivers at the perimeter
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41
Q

best solution to level a flooring surface

A

floating the floor underneath with a cement type of product

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42
Q

flammability pill test

A

carpet should selfextingish if something burning falls on it

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43
Q

flammability radiant panel

A

carpet is burned under a flame under control conditions

44
Q

smoke density

A

smoldering carpet produces more smoke than burning carpet

45
Q

tuft blind

A

the amount of force required to pull out a loop

46
Q

delimitation

A

the amount of force needed to separate the primary backing from the secondary backing

47
Q

abrasion

A

fuzzing, pilling and abrasion tests are performed

48
Q

dry breaking strength

A

pounds of pressure before a yarn raptures

49
Q

colorfastness

A

measured for effects of light, color rubbing off, cleaning agents, ozone, acid and gas fumes

50
Q

static electricity

A

commericial carpet should not exceed 3 kilovolts and residential 5 kilovolts. special equipment may require less

51
Q

green label

A

carpets and adhesive meet low emission of chemicals of concern

52
Q

tile: clay

A

mined from the earth, come in a natural variety of various mineral contents that change performance and properties

  • porcelain-a type of clay but in their typically listed in their own category
  • quarry tile-thicker than typ. clay tiles
  • ceramic- made from clay, a non-porcelain is referred to as ceramic
53
Q

tile: glass

A

cast glass into molds

54
Q

tile: stone

A

distinguished from a stone slab by length, width and thickness

55
Q

tile: concrete

A

poured into tiles

56
Q

tile: metal

A

may be solid metal or metal fused to another substright, such as procelain or clay

57
Q

tile: composite

A

combination of materials such as cement plus aggregate, varying sizes and thicknesses

58
Q

absorption rates

A
  • various types of clay tiles are distinguished by their absorption rates which are a measurement of the porosity of the tile
  • non-vitreous=13% or more
  • semi-vitreous=3% to 13%
  • vitreous=0.5% to 3%
  • impervious=0.5% or less
59
Q

porcelain clay tile

A
  • impervious to staining
  • made of fine-grained clay: 50% Felspar (Mohs’ hardness scale of 6)
  • may be rectified-ground to uniform sizes with grinding wheels
  • may be glazed (color on top) or through–body color goes all the way through the tile
  • can come in very large or small tile sizes
60
Q

glass tile

A

-glass tiles might have integral color or color enamel that is baked on
-can be clear, translucent or iridescent with polished or matte surfaces
-sensive to drastic temp changes
-avaible in many sizes, mosaic is smaller than 1/4” sq.
v1-uniform
v2-slight variation
v3-moderate variation
v4-substantial variation

61
Q

linoleum

A

natural materials, oxidized linseed oil into a thick cement that is mixed with pine resin and wood flour to form sheets on jute backing

62
Q

cork

A

comes from trees

63
Q

vinyl

A

contains vinyl, minerals, plasticizers and stabilizers

64
Q

rubber

A

can be natural but most likely synthetic (natural rubber from trees does not age well)

65
Q

polyolefin

A

polyethylene, chalk and clay

66
Q

leather

A

tiles cut from thick hides

67
Q

linoleum

A
  • biodegradable (also subject to damage from excessive water)
  • naturally, inherently hygienic
  • naturally anti-static
  • repels dust an dirt, easy to clean
  • through-body color
68
Q

VCT vinyl composition tile

A

similar to solid vinyl but will be 70%-80% limestone. Tile sizes up to 36” x 36”. static dissipative available

69
Q

LVT luxury vinyl tile

A

tiles can come in various sizes and planks

  • realistic 3D visuals
  • high performance
  • durable
70
Q

sheet vinyl

A

-can be heterogeneous
(decorative/printed/patterned layer topped by a clear wear layer) or homogeneous (consistent in color and pattern throughout its thickness, the whole thickness is wear layer)
-can have special backings for cushion (noise/comfort)
-can be static dissipative, stain-resistant or slip-retardant

71
Q

rubber

A
  • most likely made of synthetic rubber, mineral aggregate, stabilizers, pigments and wax
  • seams can be welded (hot, cold, chemicals, or caulked) or tightly butted in interlocking
  • wide range or recycled products available
  • can be customizable-ex cushion, surface textures, logos and directional motifs for way finding
  • comes in tile or roll goods
  • best slip resistance
  • best comfort under foot
72
Q

solid hardwood

A
  • one piece that is milled from lumber
  • it comes in a variety of widths, from 2 1/4” to 5” wide
  • it also comes in different thicknesses: 3/4” is standard, but you can also find “thin profile” solid that is 5/16” thick
73
Q

3/4” solid hardwood

A
  • tradtional look
  • higher raw material cost, lower mfg. cost (only handle wood once) (compared to engineered flooring)
  • generates more waste
  • install on or above grade only
  • can be glued down
  • re-finish opportunities
  • 3/4” requires a wood/wood composite sub-floor for nailing, available pre-finished or unfinished
  • radiant heat applications check manuf. guidelines
74
Q

5/16” solid hardwood

A

same as 3/4 except:

  • excellt for remodeling
  • can be stapled or glued
  • can be installed over concrete
  • more environmentally friendly to manufacture, smaller carbon footprint (transportation)
  • lower profile=smoother transitions
  • perfect floor remodeling
  • no radiant heat applications
75
Q

engineered hardwood

A
  • consists of 3 to 10 thin layers of wood called piles
  • top ply=face ply
  • middle ply=core ply
  • bottom plies=back ply
  • the face can be 1/16” to 1/6” thick-single most expensive piece of wood
  • assembled and glued in a cross-ply construction
  • overall board thickness ranges from 1/4” to 3/4”
76
Q

acrylic infused wood

A
  • process: acrylic fills and supports the cell structure of the wood
  • benefits: roughly twice as resistant to indentation, colorfast-color can’t wear or be sanded away
  • extended war layer warranty (25 years)
  • commercially rated
77
Q

wall covering: paper

A
  • two kinds of paper laminated together: face paper for printing on, back paper for adhesion
  • the more colors and more complex pattern, the higher the cost will be
78
Q

wall covering: grass

A
  • paper faced with long woven grasses that are left natural or dyed
  • best to have the installer rotate every other panel as they install the grass cloth
  • the seams will always show
  • needs special clear paste so the face of the grass cloth doesn’t stain
79
Q

wallcovering: string

A
  • continuous rows of string laid side by side on a paper backing
  • seams can be well hidden since the strings are vertical
  • vulnerable to water, soiling and cats
80
Q

wall covering: wood/cork veneer

A
  • real wood or cork veneers backed with paper or mesh
  • some are sold by panel and some by the roll
  • veneer surface can be stained in the field or may be refinished
81
Q

wall covering: cloth

A
  • cloth can be backed with paper, knit, foam or acrylic backing. it can also be left unbacked
  • should be treated with a stain repellent
  • tricky to install
82
Q

wallcovering: foil and mylar

A
  • metalized plastic wall coverings, backed with paper
  • reflections show every imperfection on a wall so prep needs to be a level 5 finish
  • foils-actual metal, can oxidize
  • mylar-reflective plastics, can’t oxidize
83
Q

wall coverings: flocked

A

glue is applied in a pattern and small fibers are sprinkled onto the glue which makes those areas fuzzy

84
Q

primer

A

performance improving base coat:

  • holds the finish coat to rest on the surface instead of allowing it to soak into the surface being painted
  • may be oiled-based (alkyd), water-based (latex or acrylic) or a hybrid (uses plant base oil instead of petroleum)
  • some can help hide minor imperfections on the substrate
  • typically comes in white but can be tinted
85
Q

drywall finish levels

A

0-drywall is hung
1-tape embedded in mud, in hidden areas
2-thin coat of mud on tape, cover screws, covered with tile
3-cot of mud on tape again, cover screws again, textured wall covering is applied
4-cover screws again, sand, prime, at flat paints or medium texture wall covering
5-skim coat, at high sheen paint, where lighting will emphasize defects

86
Q

terrazzo/composite

A
  • aggregate (stone or glass chips) + binding agent (cement/epoxy)
  • popular as a sustainable, durable material
  • can be poured in place or purchased as precast
  • after it is cast, it is typically ground flat to reach a specific sheen level. can also be left coarse
87
Q

aggregate

A
  • traditonal terrazzo used marble as the aggregate
  • the designer may visit showrooms to select
  • plastics, mirror, glass, wood or any other materials can be included that meet your needs durability
  • can vary in sizes
88
Q

binder (or matrix)

A

-1. cementitious- cement + water
-2. modified cementitious-polyacrylic modified cement
-3. resinous epoxy
the binder can be pigmented with color agents

89
Q

dimensional brick

A

-sizes can vary from one supplier to another

90
Q

brick veneers- adv/disadv

A

adv.:
-very durable and longer lasting that many other wall coverings
-more economical than full brickwork
-lighter weight than full brick
-thinner profile
Disadvantages:
-durability and quality may not be equal to full brick
-cant be used structurally
-does not provide the thermal properties of full brick

91
Q

acrylic

A

clear colorless resin but can have color introduced before forming

  • available in sheets and rods, can be cast into molds and heat formed
  • thickness range 1/8” to 1”
  • brand names: lucite, lean, plexiglas
  • acrylic is a component in solid surfacing
92
Q

types of acrylic

A
  • soft material
  • can be scratched by abrasives
  • will deform under pressure or weight
  • thicker material is strongest
  • vulnerable to some chemicals like ammonia (which is in glass cleaning products)
  • can be self-supporting
  • seams can be chemically welded, will still be visible
93
Q

high pressure plastic laminates

A
  • approx. thickness varies 0.30” vertical grade, .050” horizontal grade
  • sheets size vary 30”-60” wide by 8’-12’ long
  • there are specialty laminates and adhesives to address: fire resistance, high abrasion, chemical resistance, dry-marker, low VOC’s
94
Q

granite

A
  • crystalline/quartz structure
  • hard, dense, and visualizing uniform
  • resist heat, cold, and acids
95
Q

soapstone

A
  • tough, durable, resists heat
  • talc+quartz
  • typically sealed with mineral oil (makes it darker)
96
Q

marble

A
  • recognized by its veined appearance
  • softer than grant, marble is recrystallized limestone
  • sensitive to acid, oil and scratches if polished
  • hand select the slabs, perhaps even the exact area to be used. lots of variation within the slab
97
Q

onyx

A
  • a term applied to translucent varieties of any different types of stones. polished finish
  • typically veined quartz- can be back lit to glow
98
Q

alloy

A

a metal made by combing two or more metallic elements, especially to give greater strength or resistance to corrosion

99
Q

oxidize

A

when the metal combines with oxygen and over time changes the appearance of the metal

100
Q

galvanized

A

coat (iron or steel) with a protective layer of zinc

101
Q

corrode

A

destroy or damage (metal, stone, or other materials) slowly by chemical action

102
Q

extruded

A

shape (a material such as metal or plastic) by forcing it through a die

103
Q

gauge

A

thickness of the metal

104
Q

plating

A

applying one metal to another by electrolysis, hot dipping, or electroplating. the metals become integrated together

105
Q

coating

A

a material applied to the metal

MMII (4 decks)

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