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Research Methods Final > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

definition of research

A

the systematic process of inquiry and discovery to advance human knowledge

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2
Q

characteristics of research

A
  1. generated by a specific question, hypothesis or problem
  2. follows a plan
  3. increases understanding
  4. requires reasoned arguments supporting the conclusion
  5. based on a reiterative theory
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3
Q

why do we do research

A

investigate problems, provide solutions, analyze issues, construct procedures, explain a phenomenon, generate knowledge

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4
Q

exploratory research

A

little to no previous knowledge, meaning there is specific research to be completed

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5
Q

descriptive research

A

describes a specific phenomenon and focuses on what is happening and why

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6
Q

explanatory research

A

explains why something is happening and shows relationships between the variables, requires a framework

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7
Q

predictive research

A

aims to forecast future phenomena that may occur

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8
Q

pure research

A

explores particular concepts or issues without regard for a specific problem but just to gain a better overall understanding

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9
Q

applied research

A

undertaken to solve specific problems or provide a solution to something

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10
Q

scientific research

A

conducted within the rules, must be logically based, should be replicable by more than one scientist

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11
Q

social research

A

more malleable less concrete, makes it hard to reproduce results if the study is challenged

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12
Q

6 tools of research

A

library and its resources, the computer and the internet, techniques of measurement, statistics, the human mind, language

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13
Q

nominal measurement

A

one object is different from another, limits and restricts data, creates categories, assigns a name to subjects (boy, girl)

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14
Q

ordinal measurement

A

one object is more valuable than the other, greater than or less than, can create a data list

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15
Q

interval measurement

A

equal units of measure, established arbitrarily (celsius)

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16
Q

ratio measurement

A

equal measurement units, absolute 0, can express values in terms of multiples

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17
Q

deductive reasoning

A

develops hypothesis from theory

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18
Q

inductive reasoning

A

observation of certain events, able to draw conclusions

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19
Q

scientific method

A

method that searches after knowledge

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20
Q

research topic

A

make up the foundation of the study

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21
Q

research problem

A

identifies and represents the foundational need for the study and describes the context

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22
Q

moderator variable

A

value that cannot be manipulated

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23
Q

control variable

A

can influence the outcome or results of the study

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24
Q

mediator variable

A

partially explains the relationship between an IV and DV

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25
Q

extraneous variable

A

identified in the discussion of the study when researchers materialize their findings

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26
Q

alternative hypothesis

A

statement about a treatment group regarding higher score

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27
Q

null hypothesis

A

states that the IV and DV are not related

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28
Q

research process

A
  1. topic selection
  2. review
  3. develop theoretical and conceptual frameworks
  4. clarification of research question/ hypothesis
  5. design
  6. data collection
  7. data analysis
  8. drawing conclusions
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29
Q

ontology

A

defines the true nature of reality

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30
Q

epistemology

A

this is how we are acquiring the knowledge

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31
Q

methodology

A

how we are gaining the knowledge and information

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32
Q

positivism

A

cause and effect relationships

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33
Q

interpretivism

A

more open-ended to different realities

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34
Q

post-positivism

A

the belief that it is impossible for something to be truly objective through measurement and observation

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35
Q

what are concepts

A

building blocks of theory, expressed in symbols or words, weak or unclear

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36
Q

concept cluster

A

a collection of interrelated ideas that share common assumptions

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37
Q

ideal type

A

these are a mental picture that defines the central aspects of a concept

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38
Q

scope

A

concepts that vary between the scope of theory

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39
Q

micro-level theory

A

deals with concrete, small scale, and narrow levels of theory

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40
Q

meso-level theory

A

links micro and macro levels and operates a middle level of reality

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41
Q

macro-level theory

A

concerns the operation of larger and more abstract topics

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42
Q

what is a plan

A

communicates the pan of action for the research study (organization, consultation, consent, funding)

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43
Q

what is a contract

A

constitutes an agreement prior to beginning the research project

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44
Q

theoretical perspective

A

this is the philosophical stance we are taking

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45
Q

what are apendices

A

consent forms, copies of interview guides, copies of interview guides, research design, stat analysis models, timelines

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46
Q

research

A

investigates ideas and uncovers useful knowledge

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47
Q

propaganda

A

information intended to persuade and audience to meet someone else’s knowledge agenda

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48
Q

what collection techniques do quantitative use

A

experiments, surveys, content analysis, and secondary stats

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49
Q

what collection techniques do qualitative use

A

field research, surveys, participant observation

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50
Q

pilot studies

A

small scale to see if a larger study is feasible, informing the process, resource requirements, study management and design features

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51
Q

conceptualization

A

is the process of taking a concept and refining it by giving it a conceptual or theoretical definition

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52
Q

conceptual definition

A

is a definition in abstract theoretical terms

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53
Q

operationalization

A

links a conceptual definition to a specific set of measurement techniques or procedure

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54
Q

operational definition

A

a definition in terms of specific operations of actions a researcher carries out

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55
Q

conceptual hypothesis

A

this is where the researcher is interested in a casual relationship between two concepts

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56
Q

empirical hypothesis

A

is where the researcher wants to connect two indicators

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57
Q

what are surveys

A

broad scale quantitative information gathering technique that are commonly used

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58
Q

internal validity

A

is the basis minimum without which any experiment is uninterpretable

59
Q

external validity

A

asks the question of generalizability

60
Q

history

A

events occurring during the experiment that are not part of the treatment

61
Q

maturation

A

processes within the participants that operate as a result of time passing

62
Q

testing

A

the effects of one test on subsequent administrations of the same test

63
Q

instrumentation

A

changes in the instrument of the data collection

64
Q

statistical regression

A

the fact that groups selected based on extreme scores are as extreme as subsequent testing

65
Q

selection bias

A

choosing comparison groups in a nonrandom order

66
Q

experimental mortality

A

loss of participants from comparison groups for nonrandom reasons

67
Q

selection process

A

the passage of time affecting one group but not the other nonequivalent group designs

68
Q

expectancy

A

experimenters or testers anticipation that certain participants will perform better or last longer than other participants

69
Q

one shot study

A

group of participants receives a treatment followed by a test to evaluate the treatment

70
Q

one group pretest-posttest study

A

a design that is weak as shit but better than one shot because we can observe whether any change in performance occurred

71
Q

static group comparison

A

this is the comparison between two groups of people

72
Q

MANOVA (multivariate analysis of variance)

A

used to analyze data that have multiple dependent variables

73
Q

ANOVA (analysis of variance)

A

analyzes a single dependent variable

74
Q

solomon four group design

A

combination of randomized group creation and pre-test/ post-test requirements, hard to analyze and gather data from

75
Q

quasi-experimental design

A

creates a casual relationship between two phenomena but without randomization

76
Q

reversal design

A

this is based on the goal of determining a baseline measurement (A is baseline and B is treatment condition)

77
Q

non-equivalent control group design

A

groups cannot be randomly assigned, essentially pre-test without post-test

78
Q

switched replication design

A

participants are randomly assigned to levels 1-4

79
Q

time-series design

A

only has one group but attempts to show that the change that occurs when the treatment is administered is different from the times when it is not

80
Q

single subject design

A

looking for an effect on a single subject being employed by the researcher

81
Q

1 tailed

A

this is when the prediction specifies a direction that the study will take

82
Q

2 tailed

A

if the prediction fails to specify a direction

83
Q

panel series

A

this is the exact same group of people at different times

84
Q

time series

A

the specific individuals might have changed, but the same type of groups are being studied

85
Q

cohort series

A

study a category of people who share a similar life experience in a specified time period

86
Q

probability sampling

A

specify in advance that each segment of the population will be represented in the sample

87
Q

simple random sampling

A

every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

88
Q

stratified random sampling

A

every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

89
Q

proportional stratified sampling

A

sample people in the same proportion as they occur in the population

90
Q

cluster sampling

A

when the population of interest is larger and more spread out

91
Q

systemic sampling

A

selecting individuals according to a predetermined sequence of people

92
Q

convenience sampling

A

takes people who are readily available

93
Q

quota sampling

A

selects a pre-determined number from different categories

94
Q

purposive sampling

A

selects particular members of the population on purpose

95
Q

association

A

when two things occur simultaneously or in tandem with one another

96
Q

causation

A

IV is the cause and the DV is the effect

97
Q

ecological fallacy

A

inference of things about a group of people based on data that was aggregated

98
Q

reductionism

A

reducing complex interactions and entities to sum the constituent parts in order to make sense of them

99
Q

data collection techniques

A

interviews, focus groups, field research, participant observation, life history, documentation, questionnaires and surveys

100
Q

unstructured interviews

A

there are no pre-determined questions that are being asked to the participants of the study

101
Q

semi-structured

A

same open-ended questions are asked to all the participants

102
Q

structured

A

where all the participants are asked the same set of questions and asked to choose answers from a pre-determined set of alternatives

103
Q

sample sizes in qualitative studies

A

narrative inquiry: 1-2 participants
phenomenology: 5-8 participants
grounded theory: 30-50 participants
ethnography: single group (shared culture)
case study: single case or multiple cases

104
Q

first-order interpretation

A

exact descriptions of the researchers immediate, firsthand observation of the data

105
Q

second-order interpretation

A

the researcher must acknowledge their position within the research setting

106
Q

third-order interpretation

A

translation of the researchers own understanding to facilitate communication with others not familiar with the data

107
Q

convergent mixed method design

A

the researcher is going to collect both qualitative and quantitative data, and analyze the information separately then compare the two sets of data

108
Q

explanatory sequential mixed methods design

A

method that appeals to individuals with a strong quantitative background in research

109
Q

exploratory sequential mixed method designs

A

this is essentially the opposite of the explanatory mixed method approach

110
Q

several mixed methods designs

A

there are more designs that are typically used in more complex projects

111
Q

intersection of a secondary method

A

a research design is just a set of normal procedures for the collection of data and interpretation of empirical methods

112
Q

three approaches to mixed methods

A

merging (consists of combining qualitative data in images and quantitative data in numbers)
connecting (consists of analyzing one data set)
embedding (connecting the analysis of the results between both datasets)

113
Q

five phase par approach

A
  1. set the research question
  2. building trust
  3. data collection
  4. data analysis
  5. communication results for action
114
Q

types of ethical issues

A

risk of physical/ mental injury, banned and illegal substances, inappropriate use of power, cultural insensitivity

115
Q

deliberate scientific malpractice

A

plagiarism, fraudulent claims, withholding information from publication

116
Q

what is recruitment

A

details of how we are going to recruit participants for the research project

117
Q

informed consent

A

understand what you are being asked to do, predictable risks, consent to take part and accept these risks

118
Q

information sheet

A

participants need to be given clear information about the activities and the risks

119
Q

consent forms

A

typically signed by the participants of the study and confirm they have received their consent

120
Q

withdrawing

A

participants are free to withdraw their consent and overall participation in the study at anytime they see fit

121
Q

gatekeeper permission

A

if we are obtaining data that has already been collected we need evidence of approval to use the information

122
Q

compulsion

A

sometimes participants will be asked to complete activities that form a part of a particular data set

123
Q

publishing consent

A

it should be a main principle of the research study that the findings will be made public

124
Q

legislative requirements

A

there are specific policies relating to data protection

125
Q

disclosure

A

disclosure of information that is identifiable to an individual person must have consent

126
Q

protection issues

A

depending on the study, there is a risk that the participants could be injured while participating in the research

127
Q

nuremburg code

A

this is a set of research ethic principles for human experimentation, no coercion, voluntary consent and participation

128
Q

declaration of helsinki

A

originally adopted in June 1964 by the WHA, it is a set of principles for the medical community

129
Q

TCPS-2

A

this is where research involving human participants is intended to extend the knowledge through a disciplined inquiry or systematic investigation

130
Q

ethical norms in research

A

promotes the aims of the research, promotes values, ensures accountability of researchers, builds public support, promotes a variety of moral and social values

131
Q

privacy

A

individuals right to be free from intrusion or interferences by other

132
Q

confidentiality

A

obligations of a researcher to safeguard the information being collected

133
Q

anonymity

A

all information about research participants should be treated in as anonymous a manner as possible

134
Q

authorship

A

delineate the roles of the people who will be involved with the study

135
Q

publication bias

A

many unpublished yet methodologically sound studies exist

136
Q

conflict of interest

A

might occur when the study places researchers or the university they are associated with in conflict with their duties related to research, personal institutional interests

137
Q

code of ethic

A

helps ensure the credibility of a profession

138
Q

search ethics literature

A

ethics texts and journal articles are also useful sources to support ethical decision making

139
Q

develop of self-awareness

A

it is critical acknowledge that the bias you bring to situation could impact your decision making process

140
Q

the four fundamental elements of knowledge translation

A
  1. knowledge synthesis
  2. knowledge dissemination
  3. knowledge exchange
  4. ethically sound knowledge applications
141
Q

knowledge synthesis

A

contextualizing and integrating study findings within larger bodies of knowledge

142
Q

knowledge dissemination

A

tailoring knowledge exchange to a particular audience

143
Q

knowledge exchange

A

engagement between researchers and knowledge users

144
Q

ethical soundness

A

tailoring knowledge to a specific audience

Research Methods Final (2 decks)

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