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SGPP 300A > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Anthropocene

A

Different types of environmental problems
Roles of Science in Environmental Policy
How humans impact the environment and ecosystem in multiple ways

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2
Q

Public bads(goods)

A 
easily accessed (costly to exclude) many can use (non-rival)
Pollution human health concerns primary
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3
Q

Common pool resources

A

easily accessed (costly to exclude) competing uses (rival)

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4
Q

What roles could science play in environmental policy?

A

Science can’t tell us which choices we should take

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5
Q

What Science does tell us?

A

Identifies potential problems in order to prevent harm
Warn of impending disaster
Evaluate effectiveness of potential solutions
Bolster a group’s preferred policy undermine other groups’ policies

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6
Q

What roles does science play in environmental policy?

A

“best available science”

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7
Q

Endangered Species Act

A

Listing of threatened or endangered species must be based on best scientific and commercial data available

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8
Q

Fisheries Act

A

Conservation and management of commercial fish stocks must be based on best scientific information available

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9
Q

Example of “Best Available Science”

A

Evaluate how well clean air act is working
Publish Data: GDP, vehicle miles traveled, population
Aggregate Emissions: Co2 emissions are down as more industries are becoming more energy efficient

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10
Q

When________ is high then ________ will be high

A

scientific evidence, policy activity

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11
Q

Environmental Risk

A

The likelihood of harm as the result of an action or condition
What level of precaution should society take in addressing or preventing harms

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12
Q

Leading cause of death among U.S youth was…

A

Unintentional accidents

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13
Q

Environmental policies rest on

A

values and beliefs
What the world should be
Involve value judgment, interests, preferences

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14
Q

Values

A

Equity: who gets what
Efficiency: achieving an objective at the lowest cost
Liberty: do what we want
Security: protection tradeoffs how different values can conflict with each other

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15
Q

Clean Air Act

A

National primary ambient air to protect the public heath, allowing an adequate margin of safety

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16
Q

Types of Policies

A

Info. sharing
Use of Markets
Collaborations/Community Based
Command and Control

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17
Q

Disclosure Policies

A

Emergency planning and community right to know Act of 1986 creates the Toxic Release Inventory

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18
Q

33/50 Voluntary program (1990s)

A

Reduce emissions of highly toxic chemicals by 38% by 1992 and 50% by 1995
Participants reduced emissions by 64% in 1995
Non Participants reduced emissions by 40% by 1995
Clear businesses and corporations took steps to pollution and did not want public to know about polluting

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19
Q

Market Based Approaches

A

change market particpants businesses, consumers behavior through prices
Tax environmentally harmful behavior
Gasoline tax

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20
Q

Tradable Allowances

A

A government sets a limit or a cap on how much pollution may be emitted or resources harvested
Allocates a share of the cap to polluters or resource users
Many buy and sell shares with one another
Allowances achieve environmental goals, trading promotes efficiency

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21
Q

Define Conflict

A

Friction
A discomforting difference
An expressed struggle between at least two interdependent parties.

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22
Q

Conflicts can be about

A

Resources
Boundaries
Values, Principles
Identity

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23
Q

Dimensions of human conflict

A

Procedural
Psychological
Substantive

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24
Q

Social conflicts

A 
can occur on multiple scales 
collaborative group 
social networks 
political networks 
inter organizational networks
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25
Q

Public conflicts

A 
conflicts are usually multi-dimensional 
Involve multiple parties 
Have a temporal dimension 
Rarely static 
Respond to system change and behavioral change
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26
Q

Conflict can be positive

A 
Bring issues into the open 
Dissipate Anger 
Build understanding of differences 
Raise awareness of other people's needs 
Lead to healthy dialogue 
Create a focus on common goods
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27
Q

Negotiation

A

Avoid the problem
Leap into the fray
Find a quick fix
Fall into the Solomon Trap

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28
Q

Hard Negotiation

A

Don’t have relationships to protect, trying to get the best deal for you

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29
Q

Soft Negotiation

A

Less interested in own needs and focus on other person, neglect own needs, more important for other person

30
Q

Principled Negotiation

A

Works to optimize or maximize mutual gains either two parties or three parties
minimize losses and risks
Separate people from problem
Goal: to get people on some side working together to solve the problem
Focus on interests, not positions
Use objective selection criteria

31
Q

Collaborative Governance

A

We face an increased number of complex “wicked” policy problems

32
Q

Failure of Governance

A

Hollow State
Decline in Trust
Political Polarization & incivility
Leadership Failures

33
Q

What’s collaborative governance?

A

processes and structure of public policy decision making and management engaging people across boundaries

34
Q

Elements of Collaborative Governance…

A

Serves a public purpose

Addresses complex, often wicked problems

35
Q

What happens when challenges to foster collaborating organizational structures and systems?

A

leads to fragmented responses

36
Q

Collaborative leadership

A

leading thru networks

Working through relationships sand connections, strong partnerships needed

37
Q

Collaborative leader attributes

A 
Open minded 
Patient 
Self-Confident & Risk Oriented 
Flexible 
Unselfish
38
Q

Global disaster losses

A

overall losses are increasing

insured losses and losses uninsured are insured and then lost

39
Q

Natural Disaster Characteristics

A

Low probability
High Impact
Majority of losses come from a small fraction of events

40
Q

Human “caused events

A

No earthquakes, hurricanes
It depends: Drought
Differential link with climate
Factors impact how policy can deal with disasters

41
Q

Natural disaster impacts

A

Theory probability of an extreme event
probability depends on event characteristics and climate
Damages depend on event characteristics and human characteristics

42
Q

Impact of Socioeconomic Change

A

Expected Damages
Global Changes
Current Risks

43
Q

Integrated Assessment Model

A

An IAM is an interdisciplinary mathematical or data driven tool to aid in decision making

44
Q

Hard linked

A

IAM Environment and humans and how they impact both

45
Q

Soft linked

A

IAM Environment to Humans
Applied to a variety of topics
Impact of climate and socioeconomic climate on environment

46
Q

Benefits of linked version of soft and hard IAM

A

Benefits is that we can fully link the two but downside to link have to collaborate the two issues
Downside of linear don’t see how humans impact the environment

47
Q

IAM impact on research

A

losses determined by both physical and natural elements

“human & natural” elements

48
Q

Impact of climate and socioeconomic change IAM

A

Emissions Trajectory: climate changes in greenhouse gases how it can impact the future
Climate scenario: Gen. Circulation Models
Tropical Cyclone Behavior: Simulated storm tracks, simulated storms, cyclones assumed to move with the atmospheric changes

49
Q

Empirical framework

A

what is that functional relationship

50
Q

Damage Function

A

function that will relate variables to distruction

51
Q

Damage Estimate

A

Socioeconomic change impact

Rich countries hit hard because a lot in harms way

52
Q

IAM Strengths

A

answer complex questions
separately calculate impacts from humans and the environment
overall advancement of knowledge
In form policy making

53
Q

IAM limitations

A

uncertainty
Increasing complexity may lead to divergence across models
Mistakes
Works in progress
Any collaboration issues that exist within disciplines still exist and can be multiplied

54
Q

Risk inherent

A

risk reduction strategies and actions to decrease the magnitude of losses

55
Q

Responses to risk national activities

A

Engaging in preparedness and planning
Info to reduct the info asymmetry
Funding and building infrastructure for protection
Funding or incentivizing the adoption of risk reduction strategies by others

56
Q

Subnational Activities

A

building codes
Stronger infrastructure can be costly
Warning systems and Evacuation policies
Evacuation can be costly

57
Q

Protective Infrastructure

A

grey infrastructure

green infrastructure

58
Q

Individuals and firms response to risk

A

location choice
high risk areas have high amenities
physical protection and preparedness

59
Q

Why don’t individuals invest more in risk?

A

Under estimate risk
Free Ride
Costs may be high relative to benefits

60
Q

Premium Pricing
Actuarially Fair
Subsidized

A

is very important
Priced exactly at expected losses
Priced below expected losses which can encourage risk

61
Q

Adverse selection

A

High risk individuals may get insurance

Try to collect info on location risk to minimize

62
Q

Moral Hazard

A

once insured, people may act with more risk because they are covered

63
Q

Unintended Policy consequences

A

Decreasing risk may increase other risks
Changes private incentives
Better protection of life may increase property damage
People may not take evacuation warnings seriously
May be some very low risk, very high damage events that is too costly to protect it

64
Q

Public risk Info.

A

NWS has not always warned the public
National prediction center
NWS issue warnings late

65
Q

alternatives play a role

A

night time tornados more deadly than day time
Non linearity between warning lead time and impact
Credibility of warning system
recency bias

66
Q

Visibility as a source of info

A

visual confirmation of tornadoes
can confirm storm is approaching
may want to watch storm
others may confirm storm

67
Q

Model Conclusions

A

Daytime warning are less protective if late

Night time tornado warnings are more protective than day time warnings

68
Q

Factors driving fatalities

A

pop. density

storm intensity

69
Q

Factors driving adaptation

A

Income
Pop. Density
Storm Intensity
Underlying Storm Frequency

70
Q

Elasticity

A

percent change in one variable leading to a percent change in another

SGPP 300A (4 decks)

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