Final Exam

Question 1

Motor control

Answer 1

Connect UMNs to LMNs

Speech - cranial nervous system

Limbs - spinal cord system

Question 2

Internalizing thought

Answer 2

Taking sensory sensations into nervous system, linking them to what we think (input decoding process), comprehension (LAA)

Question 3

Externalizing thought

Answer 3

Formulating thought in response to what’s been taken in and comprehended (encoding process) and executing output of thought through motor control activity

Question 4

Basal ganglia structures

Answer 4

Caudate nucleus (top)

Putamen (center)

Globus pallidus (behind putamen, before thalamus)

Part of extrapyramidal system for motor behavior

Question 5

Caudate and putamen function

Answer 5

Also: neostriatum

Alters posture as intentional movements occur.

Regulates flexion-extension patterns

Question 6

Globus pallidus function

Answer 6

Also: paleostriatum

Increases muscle tone for movement patterns

Question 7

Basal ganglia inputs

Answer 7

Received by neostriatum (caudate and putamen)

Telencephalon (cortex)

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Amygdaloid complex

Mesencephalon (midbrain)

Question 8

Basal ganglia outputs

Answer 8

From the paleostriatum (globus pallidus) and travels to:

Thalamus

Mesencephalon and red nuclei

Metencephalon (pons) and reticular nuclei

Subthalamic nucleus

Substantia nigra

Question 9

Cortex (cerebrum) sensory inputs

Answer 9

Course through internal capsule going to specific sensory lobes

From receptor to first order, second, and third order neurons

Question 10

Cortex motor output

Answer 10

From the UMNs (mostly in frontal lobes) to internal capsule and head to brainstem and spinal cord

Question 11

Brodmann classification SLP areas

Answer 11

41/42-heschl’s gyrus (processing speech sounds)

22-wernicke’s area

39-angular gyrus

40-supramarginal gyrus

6-premotor area

44-broca’s area (speech motor planning)

4-motor cortex

1,2,3-sensory cortex

17-visual cortex

Question 12

Language association area (LAA)

Answer 12

Wernicke’s area (linguistic input comprehension)

Angular gyrus (word-based comprehension)

Supramarginal gyrus (grammar, syntax, word-order concepts)

Puts thoughts into language

Question 13

Pyramidal UMN system

Answer 13

Direct system for motor control from cortex to final common pathway/LMN

Controls patterns of movement

Three tracts: corticobulbar, corticospinal, corticopontine

Question 14

Corrticobulbar tract

Answer 14

Pyramidal system

Bilateral control

Movement of head and neck

Question 15

Corticospinal tract

Answer 15

Pyramidal

Contralateral travel with pyramidal crossing at medulla

Movement of body limbs and digits

Question 16

Corticopontine tract

Answer 16

Pyramidal

Input to cerebellum

Monitors and assists with balance, postural adjustment, and intentional movement control

Question 17

Pyramidal UMN tract travel

Answer 17

Starts at betz cells mostly in motor strip of frontal lobes and forms corticospinal, corticobulbar, and corticopontine tracts

Then synapses with vestibular nuclei or cranial nerves or cerebellar neurons

Then to LMNs

Question 18

Extrapyramidal UMN system

Answer 18

Indirect motor control system from cortex to subcortical (basal ganglia) areas through specialized nuclei in brainstem to LMNs

Controls postural positioning, tremor, and tone of voluntary movements

Question 19

Extrapyramidal UMN system travel

Answer 19

Starts with cortically originating extrapyramidal fibers (COEPS) mostly from motor cortex in frontal lobes travel ipsilaterally and contralaterally

COEPS to basal ganglia (caudate and putamen to globus pallidus) to red nuclei to reticular formation then synapse with LMN cranial or spinal nerves

Question 20

Neurolinguistic and speech motor process (1-4)

Answer 20

1. Auditory tract (1st and 2nd order) carries signal
2. Thalamus sends input to cortex by internal capsule
3. Heschl’s gyrus activated
4. Transmission to wernicke’s area which works with regions of LAA (angular and supramarginal) to understand/comprehend

Question 21

Neurolinguistic and speech motor process (5-8)

Answer 21

5. Whole brain active to develop thought for responding
6. Wernicke’s works with other areas of LAA (angular and supramarginal) to generate linguistic response
7. Arcuate fasciculus activated to transmit formulated thought from posterior to anterior regions
8. Broca’s area receives input (formulated thought)

Question 22

Neurolinguistic and speech motor process (9-11)

Answer 22

9. Broca’s area plans speech motor movements
10. Broca’s area transmits plan
11. UMN (direct and indirect) send impulses to appropriate tracts

Question 23

Neurolinguistic and speech motor process (12-13)

Answer 23

12. UMN tracts use appropriate interneuronal pools or gamma motor neurons in brainstem
13. Cranial nerves (V-trigeminal, VII-facial, IX-glossopharyngeal, X-vagus, XI-accessory, XII-hypoglossal) activate muscles for phonation, articulation, and resonation

Question 24

Hear and recognize name

Answer 24

Steps 1-6

Question 25

Someone asks for time and you respond

Answer 25

All steps

Question 26

You’re told to write your name

Answer 26

All steps

Question 27

You read a note that tells you to say hello to someone

Answer 27

Steps 1-6

Question 28

You wake from deep sleep and think “I don’t want to get up”

Answer 28

WAS steps 5-6

Question 29

You wake from deep sleep and think “I don’t want to get up” and say loudly “I’m going back to sleep”

Answer 29

Steps 5-13

Question 30

Amygdaloid complex

Answer 30

Basal ganglia level

Connections to major bg structures, olfactory, hypothalamus, and memory centers of temporal lobe

Part of limbic system

Question 31

Subthalamic nucleus

Answer 31

Diencephalon level

Connections to major BG structures and hypothalamus

Question 32

Substantia nigra

Answer 32

Upper brainstem level

Manufactures and transmits dopamine to BG to inhibit tremor