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BIOLOGY > FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

The characteristic of all processes that enable an organism to maintain internal stability in an ever-changing environment

A

homeostasis

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2
Q

Inorganic, universal solvent that composes approximately 2/3 of a human’s weight

A

water

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3
Q

All chemical reactions that occur within an organism

A

metabolism

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4
Q

Feedback mechanism when deviation from the set point is made smaller, or is resisted

A

Negative-feedback

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5
Q

___ maintains homeostasis

A

Negative-feedback

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6
Q

Arm region

A

brachial

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7
Q

Pectoralis Major is ___ to the Trapezious

A

Ventral

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8
Q

The Sternum is __ to the Clavicle

A

Medial

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9
Q

The Deltoid is __ to the Supinator

A

Proximal

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10
Q

The nerve that innervates the Deltoid and the Teres Minor

A

Axillary

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11
Q

The Rectus Femoris inserts on the Tibial tuberosity via the ___ tendon

A

Patellar tendon

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12
Q

The Gastrocnemius and Soleus insert via the __ tendon

A

Calcaneal tendon

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13
Q

The kneecap region

A

Patellar

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14
Q

The heel region

A

Calcaneal

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15
Q

The plane which divides front and back (anterior/posterior) sections

A

Coronal

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16
Q

The plane which divides superior and inferior sections

A

Transverse

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17
Q

The plane which divides left and right sections

A

Sagittal

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18
Q

Pericardial cavity lines the __

A

heart

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19
Q

Pleural cavity lines the __

A

lungs

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20
Q

Peritoneal cavity lines the ____

A

Abdominal and Pelvic organs

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21
Q

To anchor the abdominal organs, the visceral peritoneum fuses with the parietal peritoneum to form the __

A

mesentaries

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22
Q

The smallest particle of an element

A

atom

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23
Q

A single __ bond is formed when a pair of electrons is shared

A

covalent

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24
Q

Two or more forms of the same element that have the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons.

A

Isotopes

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25
Q

These weak bonds between Polar molecules hold water and DNA together

A

Hydrogen bonds

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26
Q

All of the synthesis and decomposition reactions in the body are collectively defined as ___

A

metabolism

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27
Q

Bicarbonate is an important __ in the blood; it stabilizes pH

A

buffer

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28
Q

__ chemistry is the study of Carbon containing macromolecules such as
*carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

A

Organic

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29
Q

Glycogen (animal starch), Plant starch, and Cellulose are all __

A

polysaccharides

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30
Q

Glucose and Fructose combine to form the disaccharide __

A

Sucrose (table sugar)

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31
Q

The building blocks of fats are __ and __

A

glycerol and fatty acids

hydroxyl group vs carboxyl group

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32
Q

95% of the lipids in the body are __

A

triglycerides

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33
Q

Steroids (cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone) are Lipids made of ___

A

four-carbon rings

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34
Q

The primary structure of a protein is a chain of __ __

A

amino acids

35
Q

This element is present in every protein, but not present in carbohydrates

A

Nitrogen

36
Q

A covalent bond that binds two amino acids together

A

peptide bond

37
Q

Secondary Structure results from __ bonding

A

hydrogen bonding

causes the amino acid chain to from pleated sheets or coils

38
Q

High temperatures/fevers and low pH are dangerous because they __ proteins

A

denature

39
Q

Three dimensional folding of a peptide chain

A

Tertiary Structure

40
Q

A nitrogenous base the pairs with Adenine in DNA, but is replaced in RNA

A

Thymine

41
Q

The plasma membrane is composed of a phospholipid __

A

bilayer

42
Q

Glyco-proteins and Glyco-lipids in the plasma membrane function as __ __

A

Marker Molecules

43
Q

Proteins in the plasma membrane serve as:

Pumps, Receptors, Enzymes, and __

A

Channels

44
Q

Small, uncharged gases &
Large, lipid macromolecules -
are able to cross the plasma membrane via ___

A

Diffusion

45
Q

Substance the crosses the plasma membrane via Osmosis through aquaporins -
Causing a cell to swell and burst when placed in a hypotonic solution

A

water

46
Q

Due to their electrical charge, Ions must cross the plasma membrane via ___

A

selective protein channels

47
Q

Active Transport moves substances across the plasma membrane via _____

A

ATP-powered Pumps

48
Q

Large molecules cross the plasma membrane packed in ___

A

vesicles

49
Q

The process of cell eating, such as when neutrophils destroy bacteria during inflammation

A

Phagocytosis

50
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A
  • Lower concentration of solutes
  • Water moves INto cell
  • Cell swells and can rupture (lysis)
51
Q

Hypertonic

A
  • Higher concentration of solutes
  • Water moves FROM the cell
  • Cell shrinks
52
Q

The enzymes necessary to convert glucose to ATP during aerobic respiration are located on the cristae of the inner membrane of the __

A

Mitochondria

53
Q

Cellular material outside the nucleus, but inside the plasma membrane

A

Cytoplasm

half Cytosol, half Organelles

54
Q

Cytosol consists of (3)

A
  1. Fluid portion
  2. Cytoskeleton
  3. Cytoplasmic inclusions
55
Q

Consists of proteins that support the cell, hold organelles in place, and enable the cell to change shape

A

Cytoskeleton

56
Q

The cytoskeleton consists of (3)

A
  1. Microtubules
  2. Actin filaments/microfilaments
  3. Intermediate filaments
57
Q

A series of membranes forming sacs and tubules that extends from the outer nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm

A 
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- the inner spaces in the sacs are called cisternae
58
Q

Organelles where Proteins are produces

A

Ribosomes

59
Q

ER with ribosomes attached to it

A

Rough ER

60
Q

(Rough/Smooth) ER is a site for Lipid and Carbohydrate synthesis, and detoxifies chemicals.

A

Smooth ER

61
Q

Freely moveable joints are lined with __ membranes

A

synovial

62
Q

Process by which cells that are damaged beyond repair or have completed their function self destruct

A

Apoptosis

63
Q

In the repair of body tissues, a blood clot is replaced by __

A

granulation tissue

64
Q

When stem cells fail to restore functional tissue, Fibrosis forms a __

A

scar

65
Q

HPV causes these skin lesions

A

warts

66
Q

The most common type of skin cell; named for the protective waterproof protein they produce and secrete

A

keratinocyte

67
Q

This layer of the skin is composed of dense IRRegular connective tissue

A

Dermis

68
Q

Melanocytes are located in the stratum __

A

basale

69
Q

This epidermal layer is found in the thick skin of the palms, soles, and fingertips

A

Stratum Lucidum

clear zone

70
Q

Contraction of the __ __ creates goosebumps in humans

A

arrector muscles

71
Q

Sebaceous glands are __ glands that can get plugged, resulting in acne

A

holocrine

72
Q

Yellowish discoloration of the skin; often a clinical sign of liver failure or internal bleeding

A

Jaundice

73
Q

These cells live in Lucernae, connected by canaliculi

A

Osteocytes

74
Q

Thin, yet strong plates or spiculae of bone that re lost during osteoporosis, resulting in weight-bearing fractures

A

trabeculae

75
Q

Type of bone composed of osteons with a blood vessel in the central canal

A

Compact

76
Q

Flat bones (ie: parietal and frontal bones, and sternum) are formed by __

A

intramembranous ossification

77
Q

Long bones (ie: femur, humerus, tibia, fibula, radius, ulna, ribs, phalanges) are formed via __

A

Endochondral ossification

78
Q

Sex hormones, estrogen and testosterone initiate growth spurt, and then close the ___

A

epiphyseal plate

79
Q

Too much GH secreted by the pituitary gland as an adult, causing tissues to grow thick and wide

A

Acromegaly

80
Q

Fractures in which the bone breaks into more than two pieces

A

comminuted

81
Q

PTH stimulates the activity of __ in the bone, leading to an increased level of calcium ions in the blood

A

osteoclasts

82
Q

Rickets and Osteomalacia - result from a deficiency of this CALCIUM SALT, which makes up 65% of bone matrix and gives bone its weight-bearing strength

A

Hyroxyapatite

83
Q

Protein that gives bone its flexibility

A

collagen

BIOLOGY (5 decks)

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