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Psychology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

4 D’s of psychology

A

deviance, distress, dysfunction, danger

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2
Q

Deviance

A

behaviour, thoughts, emotions are unusual

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3
Q

distress

A

to the person or to other

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4
Q

danger

A

most people with disorders are not a danger to themseleves or others, but people who put themselvers or others at risk may have a disorder

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5
Q

dysfuntion

A

interference with daily functioning

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6
Q

diagnosis

A

identifyig disorder by its symptoms and other evidence

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7
Q

comorbidity

A

2 or more disorders are present

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8
Q

what are mood disorders

A

the common cold of disorders

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9
Q

depression

A

low, sad state in which people feel overwhelmed

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10
Q

mania

A

elation and frenzied energy

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11
Q

major depressive disorder

A

characterized by a depressed mood that is significantly disabling and is not caused by drugs, medical conditions ect

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12
Q

top 5 symptoms of major depression

A 
emotional: depressed mood
loss of motivation
less active behaviour
negative self-evaluation
headaches, indigestion
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13
Q

3 explanations of depression

A

neuro: genetic predispositons or high coritsol
not enough social support and too much stress
negative thughts about one’s life, past and future

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14
Q

bipolar disorder

A

periods of mania alternate with periods of depression

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15
Q

top 5 bipolar symptoms

A 
powerful highs/low
seek excitment and companionship
speaks quickly
poor judgment and planning
very energetic and needs little sleep
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16
Q

2 explanations of bipolar

A

neuro: gene abnormality, irregulats ions that allow neurons to communicate
stress plus biological predisposition

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17
Q

anxiety disorder

A

disabling levels of fear/anxiety that are frequent and easily triggered

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18
Q

4 symptoms of anxiety disorder

A

anxiety b/c of life circumstances
restlessness, edginess
difficulty concentrating
sleep problem

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19
Q

3 explanations of anxiety disorder

A

cognitive: assume one is always in danger
neuro: malfunctioning GABA feedback system
cogntive- behavioural: dysfunctional cogntions about social situations or unrealisticly high social standards

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20
Q

phobias

A

persistant, irrational fear of a specific object, activity or situation

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21
Q

3 phobia explanations

A

classically conditioned fear
avoidance behaviours are reinforced through operant conditioning
modelling of fearful behaviour

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22
Q

acrophobia, agrophobia, brontophobia, mysophobia, carcinophobia, necophobia

A

heights, public, thunder, germs, cancer, death

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23
Q

panic disorders

panic attacks

A

panic attacks plus changed in thinking/behaviour

periodic sudden bouts of panic

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24
Q

2 panic disorder/attacks explanation

A

malfunctioning of the brain circuit = excess norepinephrine

misinterpretting of bodily sensations

25
Q

2 explanations for obsessive compulsive disorder

A

learning that complusive behaviour relieves distress

neuro: low serotonin activity, overactive frontal lobe, amygdala drives fear and anxiety

26
Q

4 explanations of PTSD

A

pyschologically traumatic event
neuro: increased cortosol and norephinenphrine, damaged amygdala
personality: anxious personality
childhood experiences and lack of social/family support

27
Q

schizophrenia

A

mental disorders characterized by disorganized thoughts, lack of contact with reality, and sometimes hallucinations

28
Q

What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking

29
Q

What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

lost of speech, flat affect, loss of violations, social withdrawl

30
Q

catatonia

A

extreme pyschomotor symptoms (rigitity, posturing)

31
Q

Schizophrenia subtypes

A

paranoid
disorganized (combination of disorders)
catatonic
undifferentiated (symptoms are present but ot in a combination)
residual (symptoms are present but at a low level of intensity

32
Q

4 schizophrenia explanation

A

genetic predisposition
biochemical abnormalties
brain structure
diatheses: biological predisposition plus negative events

33
Q

somatoform disorders

A

physical complaint of pain that is of psychological origin

34
Q

2 explanations for somatoform

A

classical conditioning and modelling

misinterpretting of bodily causes

35
Q

conversion disorder

A

conflict/ need converted into psych symptoms

36
Q

somatization disorder

A

long-term physical ailments that have no organic basis

37
Q

body dysmorphic disorder

A

deeply concerned baout some imagined or minor defect in their appearance

38
Q

dissociatice fuge

A

forget one’s personaliy/ identity

39
Q

personality disorders and the two types

A

rigif patters of experience and behaviour causing distress or difficulty

  • antisocial personality disorder
  • borderline personality disorder
40
Q

What medication do you use to fix unipolar/depression?

What medication do you use to fix bipolar?

A

prozac

lithium

41
Q

5 types of therapy:

A 
biological
psychodynamic
behavioural
cognitive-behavioural
humanistic and existential
42
Q

What 3 things are needed for therapy?

What 2 things are needed to diagnose?

A

suffer who seeks help
healer
contract with goals
-2 professional opinions to diagnos

43
Q

Personality

A

refers to the unique characteristics that account for enduring patterns of innter experience and outward behaviour

44
Q

3 Structures of the personality:

A
  • conscious: thougts and feeling that we are aware of at any given moment
  • preconscious: holds memories of feeling that we aren’t consciouslt thinking about, but can be brought forward
  • unconscious: holds memories of feeling that are so unpleasent
45
Q

3 forces of personality

A
  • Id: basic instinctual drives (sex, food)
  • Ego: rational thought (develops from learning)
  • Superego: moral limits (develops during childhood)
46
Q

Stage 1 of pyschosexual (stage, erogenous zone, key conflict, fixations)

A

Oral 0-18 months
mouth
weaning/trust
dependant on pleasure of mouth and on mother

47
Q

Stage 2 of pyschosexual (stage, erogenous zone, key conflict, fixations)

A

Anal 18 months - 3yrs
Bum
Toilet training/ power over one’s own body
excessive neatness, stuborness, controlling

48
Q

Stage 3 of pyschosexual (stage, erogenous zone, key conflict, fixations)

A

Phallic 3-6 yrs
Genatils
attraction to opposite sex
sexual role rigidity or confusion

49
Q

Stage 4 of pyschosexual (stage, erogenous zone, key conflict, fixations)

A

Latency 6yrs -puberty
none
repression of sexual impulses. Identify with same sex parent
none

50
Q

Stage 5 of pyschosexual (stage, erogenous zone, key conflict, fixations)

A

Genital puberty-adult
genitals
establishing mature, sexual relationships and emotional intamacy
sexual dysfunction and unsatisfactory relationship

51
Q

Alfred Alder theory

A

social not sexual needs and conscious thoughts are critical in the development of personality

52
Q

Carl Jung theory

A

unconscious has 2 parts:

  • personal unconsious: individual experiences
  • collective unconscious: inherited memories shared by all humans
53
Q

Karen Horney

A

basic anxiety develops in children who experience extreme feelings of isolation

54
Q

Abraham Maslows heirarchy of need

A

psychological-> safety-> love-> esteem-> self-actualizaiton

55
Q

Carl Rogers

A

humans are fundamentally positive and strive for self-actualization

56
Q

Hans Eysenck

A

used factors of analysic to create superfactors of personality

57
Q

Superfactors:

A

neurotism: degree to which one experience negative emotions
extraversion: degree to which someone is outgoing
pyschoticism: degress to which one is vulnerable to psychoses

58
Q

Situationist vs interactionism theory

A

situationist: behaviour is governed by situation rather than interal traits
interationism: emphasizes the relationship between a personas underlying personality traits and the reinfocing aspects o the situations in which people choose to put themselves

59
Q

3 types of cognitive behavioural therapy:

A

Ellis-rational: emotional therapy
Beck’s cognitive therapy: used for depression
Second-wave cognitive- behavioural therapy: helps clients accept their problems rather than judging them

Psychology (3 decks)

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