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ANT333 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Null hypothesis

A

statistical hypothesis that one variable has no relation to another; THIS is the hypothesis that is actually being tested in science

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2
Q

Heuristic

A

done just for the sake of increasing your knowledge base

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3
Q

Observational study

A

collect data without influencing the subject(s)

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4
Q

Experimental study

A

have control and experimental settings; test for differences; should ideally be double-blind (i.e. neither subject(s) or researcher(s) know which group is control and which is experimental)

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5
Q

Operational definition

A

defines how you are going to measure what you’re testing

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6
Q

Nominal measurement

A

No numeric meaning; qualitative categories within which individuals are counted (i.e. sex, species, ethnicity); chi-squared test

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7
Q

Ordinal measurement

A

Data can be organized by rank order, but relative degree of difference between ranks can’t be calculated (i.e. dominance rank, conservation status, health, guilt); Spearman’s correlation, Mann-Whitney U

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8
Q

Interval measurement

A

Allows for degrees of difference between data points, but not a ratio between them (i.e. temperature - 20degC is not “twice as hot” as 10degC); Pearson’s correlation, Student’s t

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9
Q

Ratio measurement

A

Have a zero scale and can be expressed in ratios (i.e. mass, length, distance); Pearson’s, Student’s t

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10
Q

Pearson’s correlation (r)

A

equires linear relationship for interval data; PARAMETRIC

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11
Q

Spearman’s correlation (rs)

A

used with non-linear, ordinal data; NON-PARAMETRIC

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12
Q

P Value

A

Assuming null hypothesis is true, what is the chance of observing statistics at least as extreme as ones actually observed if there really is no correlation between X and Y?
Alpha Level: cut-off point above which the null hypothesis is accepted; usually > 0.05

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13
Q

Coefficient of determination

A

r^2

fraction of variance that is shared between X and Y

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14
Q

Student’s t-test

A

For PARAMETRIC data
By W.S. Gossett
Assesses whether the means of two groups are statistically different from one another
Requires three things: [1] variables must be normally distributed within each group; [2] standard deviations must be similar; [3] dependent variable must be interval or ratio

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15
Q

Mann-Whitney U test

A

For NON-PARAMETRIC data
Does not make a distribution assumption, so is not as powerful as a t-test on normally-distributed data
Dependent variable can be ordinal, interval, or ratio

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16
Q

Chi-squared test

A

For NON-PARAMETRIC data

Compares observed counts of a variable to expected counts

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17
Q

Exaptation

A

a trait that performs a current adaptive function but arose either for another function or with no function at all; includes preadaptations and spandrels

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18
Q

Preadaptation

A

when a feature is secondarily co-opted for a function other than the one for which it originally evolved

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19
Q

Phylogeny

A

evolutionary relationships within/between taxonomic levels; esp. patterns of lines of descent

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20
Q

Phylogenetics

A

taxonomical classification of organisms based on their degree of evolutionary relatedness

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21
Q

Polytomy

A

unresolved internal node of a cladogram that has more than two immediate descendents

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22
Q

Cladogenesis

A

Speciation - multiple new lineages can originate from a single ancestor in a short geologic period
- Should be bifurcating

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23
Q

Homoplasy

A

Convergent character - shared between species but was not present in their common ancestor (i.e. wings in birds and bats)

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24
Q

Homology

A

characters shared between species that was also present in their common ancestor

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25
Q

Symplesiomorphy

A

trait that is found in the ancestor of a group but only some of its descendants; do not indicate phylogenetic groups; shared ancestral homologies

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26
Q

Synapomorphy

A

a trait that is unique to a group of species and their ancestor; indicate phylogenetic groups; shared derived homologies; in a new state from the ancestors of a group and their common ancestor

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27
Q

Parsimony

A

the hypothesis that requires fewest assumptions is the most defensible; i.e. cladogram with lowest number of steps is most robust

28
Q

Homologous Character

A

character shared between taxa due to descent

29
Q

Analogous Character

A

character shared between taxa due to something other than descent (i.e. adaptation); a.k.a. homoplastic character

30
Q

Plesiomorphy

A

a character that is in a state shared by the common ancestor of a group; i.e. primitive

31
Q

Apomorphy

A

character that is in a state that is not shared by the common ancestor of a group; i.e. derived

32
Q

Autapomorphy

A

a character that is found exclusively in that taxon, but is a synapomorphy when discussed at the level of members within said taxon

33
Q

Ancestor Problem

A

all possible ancestors are regarded as sister groups to one another

34
Q

Monophyletic Group

A

a group that includes the common ancestor and all of its descendants; defined by one or more synapomorphy

35
Q

Paraphyletic Group

A

a group consisting of an ancestor but not all of its descendants; defined by what it does not have

36
Q

Polyphyletic Group

A

a group that does not include the common ancestor of a group; the common ancestor is placed within another group. BAD!

37
Q

Tree Length

A

total number of character state changes necessary to support taxonomic relationships in cladogram; best fit tree has the minimum length

38
Q

Consistency Index (CI)

A

measures relative amount of homoplasy in a cladogram; varies from 1.0 (no homplasy) - ~0.0 (tons of homplasy); M(minimum # changes) / S (actual # changes)

39
Q

Retention Index (RI)

A

measures proportion of synapomorphy expected from the data set that is retained as synapomorphy on the tree; compares the data to the tree; 1.0 means entirely consistent with phylogeny

40
Q

Socioecology

A

explores the evolution and maintenance of social groups and mating systems within ecological systems; factoring in trade-offs between social groups and environment

41
Q

Best Male Hypothesis

A

swellings incite male-male competition so that females can identify and mate with most fit males

42
Q

Many Male Hypothesis

A

swellings attract multiple males as mating partners; facilitates paternity confusion

43
Q

Evolutionarily Stable Strategy

A

an evolutionary strategy that has become fixed within the population, can no longer be affected by natural selection

44
Q

Reliable Indicator Hypothesis

A

Males will always cue into female signals of receptivity, so small swellings should suffice just as well as large swellings
Pagel suggested that large size of swellings are signals of female quality; this was supported in baboons, where sexual swellings were a consistent indicator of reproductive value and females with larger swellings attained sexual maturity earlier, produced more offspring overall, per year and surviving
However, in other species some of the least fertile females and those least likely to raise offspring to maturity have the largest swellings

45
Q

Infanticide

A

killing of young offspring by a mature animal of its own species; typically committed by males

Three hypotheses:

  1. Social Pathology
  2. General Aggression
  3. Sexual Selectivity
46
Q

Biogeography

A

the study of the geographical distribution of organisms

47
Q

Habitat diversity hypothesis

A

species richness increases with an increase in area because larger areas have a greater diversity of habitats

48
Q

Habitat breadth

A

number of habitats a species has been seen in

49
Q

Dietary breadth

A

number of food types a species consumes

50
Q

Forest Loss

A

the shrinking in size of a forest fragmen

51
Q

Forest Fragmentation

A

the splitting of an area of forest into many smaller fragments; only a small loss of overall area

52
Q

Edge Effect

A

The penetration of abiotic and biotic conditions from the matrix into the forest interior
In long, thin fragments, almost the entire thing is composed of edge
Edge intolerant species may no longer be able to live in a fragment that has too much edge

53
Q

The Agony of Choice

A

we can’t save every species - so how do we decide what to protect?

54
Q

Phylogenetic Diversity

A

the phylogenetic distinctiveness of a species is inversely proportional to the relative number & closeness of its relatives

55
Q

Phylogenetic Rarity

A

distantly related taxa are considered to be phylogenetically rare

56
Q

Index I

A

phylogenetic rarity; value of 1 assigned to each terminal taxon that belongs to a pair of terminal sister taxa; each successive taxon receives a value equal to that of total sister groups

57
Q

Index W

A

phylogenetic diversity; basic phylogenetic weight (Q) = sum(i)/ij (i = number of nodes to which a taxon belongs; j = the specific taxon being calculated for); W = Qj/Qmin (Qmin is lowest Q value for entire group)

58
Q

Allometry

A

the study of size-related differences in the biology of an organism

59
Q

Intraspecific allometry

A

size-related differences in adults of the same species

60
Q

Interspecific allometry

A

size-related differences across a wide range of species; most common research done in evolutionary anthropology

61
Q

Growth allometry

A

study of shape changes associated with size changes during ontogeny

62
Q

Hemochorial placenta

A

anthropoid-like, maternal blood comes into direct contact with the chorion

63
Q

Epitheliochorial placenta

A

prosimian, uterine epithelial lining comes in direct contact with chorion

64
Q

Rods

A

very sensitive to light but cannot distinguish colour; predominate in many nocturnal primates

65
Q

Cones

A

are sensitive to colour

66
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A

Based on the three cones; suggests that it may be possible to match all colours in the visible spectrum simply by appropriate mixing of these three primary colours

67
Q

Phylogenetic Inertia

A

the tendency for traits to resist evolutionary change despite environmental pressures

ANT333 (2 decks)

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