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Psychopathology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Secure Attachment

A
  • Explore environment using caregiver as secure base

- may be visibly upset when caregiver leaves but happy to see caregiver upon return

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2
Q

Insecure Attachment

A

Anxious-avoidant:

  • appears indifferent toward caregiver
  • little exploration regardless of who’s there
  • basically don’t care

Anxious-ambivalent/resistant:

  • appears clingy toward caregiver before they leave
  • angry when they return, signs of resentment or helpless passivity when caregiver is absent

Disorganized:
-mixture

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3
Q

In Attachment Theory, what is crucial to the development of a secure internal working model of self?

A

Child’s perceptions of:

  • caregiver’s responsiveness
  • own ability to get needs met
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4
Q

Cluster A

A

Odd/eccentric

-paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal

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5
Q

Cluster B

A

Dramatic, emotional, erratic

  • antisocial
  • borderline
  • histrionic
  • narcissistic
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6
Q

Cluster C

A

Fearful/anxious

  • avoidant
  • dependent
  • obsessive-compulsive
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7
Q

Paranoid Personality Disorder (A)

A
  • pervasive and unjustified extreme mistrust and suspicion of others
  • beginning by early adulthood
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8
Q

Schizoid Personality Disorder (A)

A
  • Pervasive pattern of social detachment and isolation
  • cold, aloof, detached in interpersonal situations
  • neither desires, nor enjoys, close relationships
  • basically they don’t care or want friends
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9
Q

Schizotypal Personality Disorder (A)

A
  • Pervasive pattern of interpersonal deficits
  • discomfort with close relationships, have less of a capacity for them
  • eccentricities in everyday behaviour (dress weird)
  • odd beliefs or magical thinking influences behaviour (clairvoyance, telepathy)
  • odd thinking and speech

-phenotype of schizophrenia

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10
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder (B)

A

-disregard for, and violation of the rights of others, since AGE 15.

  • failure to comply with social norms and laws
  • deceitfulness (lying, conning) for personal profits or pleasure
  • aggressive and reckless for own safety and safety of others
  • lack of remorse (low empathy, conscience)
  • The Iceman and the Psychiatrist documentary (killer guy who has no remorse at all)
  • psychopathy and ASPD are two different attempts to define the same disorder
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11
Q

Hare’s Psychopathy Checklist (1991)

A
  • Superficial charm (a mask of normalcy)
  • Grandiose sense of self worth
  • Proneness to boredom/need for stimulation
  • Pathological Lying
  • Conning/manipulative
  • Lack of remorse
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12
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) (B)

A

Pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-images and affect, as well as impulsivity

  • frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment
  • unstable, intense relationships (idealization vs. Devaluation)
  • unstable self-image or sense of self and identity
  • self-damaging impulsivity
  • suicidal behaviour, gestures, or self-mutilation
  • chronic feelings of emptiness
  • reactive mood

The emotional dysregulation comes from an invalidating early environment:

  • mismatch between needs and environment
  • self-destructiveness-misguided emotion regulation strategy
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13
Q

Treatment for BPD

A

-Dialectical Behavioural Therapy (DBT): individual and group sessions

  1. Dialectical Worldview: “truth is paradoxical..”
    - validation/acceptance of self and making changes to self
  2. Core Mindfulness Skills: learning to shift experiential perspective from within one’s subjective experience, onto that experience
  3. Interpersonal effectiveness: learning to deal with conflict in relationships (get what one needs/wants, to say no)
  4. Emotion regulation: learning to enhance control over emotions, tolerate distress and understand connection between distress intolerance and impulsive behaviour
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14
Q

Histrionic Personality Disorder (B)

A

pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking across contexts:

  • uncomfortable when not centre of attention
  • overly dramatic, theatric and sensational
  • overly seductive and sexual provocative

BIG TIME ATTENTION SEEKIN

Saffron?

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15
Q

Narcissistic Personality Disorder (B)

A

-Pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, lack of empathy

  • exaggerated sense of self-importance
  • perceived special/unique qualities
  • entitled, arrogant (requires excessive admiration and favours)
  • lack of sensitivity, empathy and compassion for others
  • envious of others
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16
Q

Avoidant Personality Disorder (C)

A

-Pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation

  • interpersonally anxious/avoidant and highly fearful of rejection
  • extreme sensitivity to opinions of others
  • few relationships- due to fear of being shamed/ridiculed
  • views self as interpersonally inept, unappealing, inferior

Treatment: similar to treating social anxiety, but longer term

Teach clients to stand up for themselves in the face of criticism

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17
Q

Dependant Personality Disorder (C)

A

-pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of that leads to submissive and clinging behaviour and fears of speciation

  • excessive reliance/reassurance from others to make life decisions and manage major areas of life
  • excessive seeking of natural energy/support
  • feels helpless and afraid when imagines having to care for self

Goal of therapy: foster independence
-but therapists can become targets of dependency

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18
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (C)

A

-preoccupation with ordained, perfectionism, and control at the expense of flexibility, openness and efficiency

  • preoccupied with rules, lists, orders, schedules etc. So much so that the major point of the activity is lost
  • rigid/stubborn flexibility of doing things the right way
  • highly perfectionist that interferes with tasks
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19
Q

PD’s as Categorical v. Dimensional

A

Are pd’s simply extreme, maladaptive versions of normal personalities? (dimensional)

Or

Do pd’s represent real “ways of being” that are qualitatively different from what’s normal? (Categorical)

20
Q

Which view of Personality Disorders is represented in the DSM-5?

A

The categorical view (pd’s represent real ways of being that are different from what’s normal)

21
Q

Alternative System for PD’s based on the BIG 5? What’s the problem with it?

A
  1. Extraversion
  2. Agreeableness
  3. Conscientiousness
  4. Neuroticism
  5. Openness to experience

-dimensional views of PD’s can be less intuitive and more difficult for clinicians to use

22
Q

What is memory

A

The lingering effects of experience

23
Q

Types of Long-Term Memory

A

Explicit:

  • conscious WITH awareness
  • episodic
  • semantic

Implicit:

  • W/O awareness
  • perceptual/conceptual
  • motor (procedural)
24
Q

Episodic memory

A

Entails recollection, re-experiencing the remembered event

Example: describe in detail a recent birthday party

25
Q

Semantic memory

A

Entails knowing with no re-experience

Generic: facts and general knowledge about the world, language
Personal: facts and knowledge about oneself

Example: what does birthday party mean?

26
Q

Schemas

A

-adaptable associative networks of knowledge (frameworks) extracted over multiple similar experiences
Ex. What happens at a typical birthday party? (Cake, presents etc.)

-interact with environment and stored knowledge to interpret the wold and help form memory representations

27
Q

Hippocampus

A

3 parts:

  • head
  • body
  • tail

-part of the parahippocampal gyrus in the temporal lobe

  • KC:
  • damage to the medial temporal lobes
  • episodic memory loss (amnesia)
28
Q

Psychosis

A

Loss of contact with reality

29
Q

What is Schizophrenia?

A

Type of psychosis with disturbed thought, language, behaviour

30
Q

What is the course of schizophrenia?

A

-chronic

31
Q

Diagnosis of Schizophrenia

A 
During one-month period, two or more of:
delusions 
-hallucinations 
-disorganized speech 
-grossly disorganized 
-negative symptoms
  • social/occupational dysfunction
  • continuous disturbance for at least 6 months
32
Q

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

A

-active manifestations of abnormal behaviour

Delusions and hallucinations

33
Q

Delusions

A

-false/impossible beliefs that represent gross misrepresentations of reality, but are held with strong conviction

Example: delusions of grandeur (false impression of one’s importance) delusions of persecution and delusions of reference (might believe that a billboard or a celebrity is sending a message specifically for them)

34
Q

Hallucinations (+)

A

-experience of sensory events occurring “out in the world” without environmental input (multi-sensory)

35
Q

Negative symptoms of Schizophrenia

A

-absence of insufficiency of normal behaviour

  • abolition/apathy- the inability to initiate and persist in activities, including basic hygiene
  • alogia- poverty of speech
  • anhedonia- lack of pleasure or indifference, non-engagement in normal daily pleasurable activities
  • affective flattening- lack of emotional expression
  • asociality- deficits in social skills and withdrawal from social relationships
36
Q

Medial temporal lobes

A

-include hippocampus
-involved with episodic memory
-Alzheimer’s disease is an interaction between hippocampus and other structures:
>autobiographical memory network (includes medial prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, angular gyrus and posterior cingulate)
>the prefrontal cortex, involved in memory and social cognition

37
Q

Anterior lateral lobes

A

Semantic memory loss

38
Q

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

A
  • confabulation

- “honest lying”

39
Q

Disorganized symptoms of Schizophrenia

A
  • severe and excessive disruptions in speech, behaviour, emotion
  • rambling speech, erratic behaviour, inappropriate affect

Disorganized speech:
Cognitive slippage- illogical and incoherent speech
Tangentiality, loose associations, derailment- continually digressing from topic under discussion; providing oblique/irrelevant answers to questions: “loose connections from one topic to next

Disorganized affect & behaviour:
Inappropriate display of emotions (ex. Sudden silly laughter)
Catatonia- spectrum of odd motor dysfunctions: extreme agitation or wavy flexibility (holding rigid postures immobile for long periods of time)
-other unusual mannerisms (grimacing, mimicking)

40
Q

Schizoaffective Disorder

A
  • co-occurring symptoms of schizophrenia and a mood disorder, although psychotic symptoms also occur outside of mood problems
  • mood symptoms can be unipolar or bipolar
  • prognosis- similar to schizophrenia; chronic course, little remission
41
Q

Genetics in Schizophrenia

A

Family Studies:
-inherit a tendency to develop SCZ but not a specific form, all forms of schizophrenia seen within carrying families

Twin Studies:
- risk of SCZ in monozygotic twins 48%

-people can be genetic carriers and pass on the SCZ gene and not have it themselves

Adoption Studies: risk of SCZ remains high (22%) in adopted children raised apart from biological parents suffering from schizophrenia

42
Q

Role of Expressed Emotion (EE)

A

High EE= high criticism, hostility and emotional over-involvement

-quality of family environment and social support impacts symptoms of relapse and adherence to medication

43
Q

Neurobiology: The Dopamine Hypothesis

A

-SCZ is caused by an overactive dopamine system

Evidence:

  • antipsychotic drugs can be effective for treating SCZ and they work by partially blocking the dopamine system (dopamine antagonists)
  • in people without SCZ, drugs that increase dopamine (dopamine agonists) result in increased schizophrenic-like behaviour. In people with SCZ, dopamine agonists worsen psychotic symptoms

Evidence against:

  • many with SCZ aren’t helped by dopamine antagonists
  • when they are helped them the symptoms subside slowly and only partially
44
Q

Hypofrontality

A

Less active frontal lobes

Frontal lobes= major dopamine
-under activation here leads to more negative symptoms of SCZ

Theory: might inactivity in dopamine pathway at frontal lobes activate dopamine activity deeper in the brain?

45
Q

The neurobiological effects of schizophrenia

A
  • difficult to disentangle cause and effect
  • no single unifying theory explains all manifestations of clinical symptoms and cases

-highly heterogenous

Psychopathology (2 decks)

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