Final Exam

Question 1

Subcriminal Psychopath

Answer 1

an individual who displays the symptoms of psychopathy but whose behaviour has not brought them into formal contact with the CJS (ex. a CEO)

Question 2

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 2

originally neutral but, as a result of repeated pairings with an UCS, triggers the response evoked by the UCS (ringing the bell)

Question 3

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 3

evokes a response naturally and without learning (fed powdered meat)

Question 4

Unconditioned Response

Answer 4

a response that is evoked by a stimulus naturally and without learning (salivation)

Question 5

Conditioned Response

Answer 5

response that was originally evoked by the UCS but, as a result of repeated pairings between the UCS and CS, is evoked by the conditioned stimulus (salivation)

Question 6

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 6

the capacity of stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus to evoke the same conditioned response

Question 7

Conditionability

Answer 7

the degree to which classical conditioning responses can be easily and strongly formed in a person

Question 8

Extinction

Answer 8

a process that occurs when reinforcement is discontinued and responding subsequently diminishes until it stops

Question 9

Nonsocial Reinforcement

Answer 9

the event that does not depend on social interaction but increases the likelihood of it reoccurring (ex. attaining material goods)

Question 10

Differential Reinforcement

Answer 10

the net effect of all reinforcement and punishment received for a certain response

Question 11

Continuous Reinforcement

Answer 11

reinforcement should be delivered after every appropriate response

Question 12

Intermittent Reinforcement

Answer 12

reinforcement should be delivered after some but not every appropriate response

Question 13

Differential Association

Answer 13

the behaviour people learn and exhibit varies as a function of their social interactions and relationships

Question 14

Negative Definitions

Answer 14

disapprove of law-breaking behaviour

Question 15

Positive Definitions

Answer 15

approve of law-breaking behaviour

Question 16

Neutralizing Definitions

Answer 16

recognize law-breaking behaviour as normally unacceptable but rationalize it in the applicable circumstances

Question 17

Moral Reasoning

Answer 17

the analytical process used to arrive at decisions about what is right and wrong

Question 18

Excitation Transfer Theory

Answer 18

residual arousal from one situation is mistakenly attributed to a person’s current situation where it’s mislabelled, possibly driving inappropriate behaviour

Question 19

Deindividuation

Answer 19

psychological state characterized by a loss of individual identity, self-awareness, self-evaluation; often associated with being immersed in large groups (traditional view vs SIDE model)

Question 20

Distal Factors

Answer 20

indirectly increase the risk of future violent behaviour by enhancing proximate factors that encourage violence or diminishing proximate factors that disinhibit violence

Question 21

Proximate Factors

Answer 21

relate to the characteristics of the person or situation and directly impact the risk of violence

Question 22

Psychosis

Answer 22

a group of symptoms that involve impaired reality testing, whereby a person has difficulty perceiving what is real and what is fantasy

Question 23

Anhedonia

Answer 23

loss of enjoyment in activities that are a source of pleasure

Question 24

Erotomania

Answer 24

is delusionally convinced that someone (ex. a celebrity) is in love with them

Question 25

Symptom-Based Theories of Crime

Answer 25

attribute the criminal behaviour of a person with a mental disorder to the altered perceptions, thoughts, emotions experienced as a result of their mental condition

Question 26

Principle of Rationality-Within-Irrationality

Answer 26

the theory that violence committed by individuals with psychosis is often a rational response to irrational symptoms that they experience and perceive as real

Question 27

Self Regulation

Answer 27

ability to control our emotional responses and evaluate and select appropriate behavioural responses

Question 28

Hickey’s Trauma Control Model

Answer 28

the combination of certain predispositional factors and early traumatic events that interact with several other factors (ex. low self esteem) over the life course to “create” a serial killer

Question 29

Cyberstalking

Answer 29

• growing area of concern for law enforcement

- range or pattern of interrelated behaviours: hyper-intimacy/threat/real life transfer

Question 30

Adjusted-Actuarial Approach

Answer 30

the risk assessment method that involved generating an initial judgement of risk using the actuarial method and then subjecting it to the evaluater’s professional discretion

Question 31

Manic Episode

Answer 31

A period featuring unusually elevated mood thinking and/or motor activity that is inappropriate for the situation (pressured).

Question 32

Norris’s Addiction Model of Homicide

Answer 32

Act of murder has a ritualistic aspect for serial killers that leads them to become addicted or compelled to kill.