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physiology > Final Exam: Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Final Exam: Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

A

System involves adjusting total blood volume through mechanisms that regulate urine output and thirst

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2
Q

ANP is produced by

A

Atrial muscle cells and release is regulated by atrial stretching

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3
Q

Three effects of ANP that oppose Angiotensin II

A

a) promotes the loss of Na and H20 at the kidneys
b) inhibits secretion of water- conserving hormones such as ADH & aldosterone
c) Suppresses thirst
- -> decrease blood volume and reduce stretching of cardiac muscle fibers

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4
Q

ADH secretion from Posterior pituitary is caused by

A
  1. increase in serum osmolarity

2. a decrease in arterial blood pressure

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5
Q

Increase Serum Osmolarity leads to

A
  1. Dehydration or loss of blood volume due to hemorrhage stimulating osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
  2. hypothalamus releases ADH to Posterior Pituitary
  3. Posterior Pituitary releases ADH
  4. Increased reabsorption of water in kidneys, decreasing urine output
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6
Q

Decrease in arterial blood pressure leads to

A
  1. decreased stimulation of arterial baroreceptors
  2. posterior pituitary releases ADH
  3. kidneys retain more water, decreasing urine output
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7
Q

Constriction of arterioles by ADH leads to

A

An increase in TPR and Blood Pressure

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8
Q

Chemoreceptors respond to changes:

A

CO2, O2 or pH levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid

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9
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors located

A

Carotid bodies near the carotid sinus and aortic bodies near aortic arach

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10
Q

central chemoreceptors

A

located in medulla oblongata, sensitive to CO2 and pH levels

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11
Q

Mean Aterial Pressure (Pa)

A

The driving force for blood flow

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12
Q

Pa=

A

Cardiac output (CO) X TPR (total peripheral resistance)

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13
Q

Pa is regulated by two systems

A

Baroreceptor Reflex- restores Pa (quickly)

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System- hormone mediate response (slow)

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14
Q

Baroreceptor Reflex

A

Sensor - afferent neuron - brain stem center - efferent neuron - heart and blood vessels

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15
Q

Carotid Sinus Baroreceptors

A

responsible for increases/decreases in arterial pressure

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16
Q

Aortic Arch Baroreceptors

A

responsible for increases in arterial pressure

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17
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

receptors that respond to stretch or pressure

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18
Q

Chronic Hypertension

A

baroreceptors do not see elevated blood pressure as abnormal

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19
Q

Tractus Solitarius

A

directs parasympathetic and sympathetic output from brain stem cardiovascular centers

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20
Q

Parasympathetic effect on Baroreceptor Reflex

A

effect vagus nerve on SA node to decrease Heart Rate

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21
Q

Sympathetic effect on Baroreceptor Reflex

A

affects SA nod to increase Heart Rate, cardiac muscle to increase contractility and stroke volume, arterioles to cause vasoconstriction, and increase TPR and veins to cause venoconstriction and decrease unstressed volume

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22
Q

vascular tone

A

degree of constriction experienced by a blood vessel relative to its maximally dilated state

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23
Q

ischemic

A

decreased cerebral blood flow

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24
Q

V1 chemoreceptors

A

vascular smooth muscle that cause vasoconstriction of arterioles and increase TPR

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25
Q

V2 Chemoreceptors

A

principle cells of renal collecting ducts; involved in water reabsorption in collecting ducts and the maintenanc of body fluid osmolarity

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26
Q

ANP release causes

A

an increase vasodilation and decrease in TPR (relaxes smooth muscle) and vasodilation in kidney increase Na reabsorption and increase H2O excretion

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27
Q

Microcirculation

A

functions of the smallest blood vessels, capillaries and neighboring lymphatic vessels

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28
Q

Function Capillaries in Microcirculation

A

Site of exchange of nutrients and waste products in tissues

Site of fluid exchange between vascular and interstitial compartments

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29
Q

Capillary blood Flow is regulated by

A 
Smooth muscle (constriction and relaxation) 
pre-capillary sphincters
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30
Q

Vesicular Transport

A

large molecules that must be exchanged between blood and surrounding tissues are transported from one side of the capillary wall to the other

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31
Q

Continuous capillaries

A

narrow water-filled pores present between adjacent endothelial cells (permit diffusion of water, small solutes and lipid-soluble material)

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32
Q

Continuous capillaries are found in

A

skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and lungs

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33
Q

Fenestrated Capillaries

A

contain pores that permit small molecules to filter through without having to pass through the clefts

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34
Q

Fenestrated Capillaries are found in

A

endocrine organs, glomerulus of kidney and absorptive areas of intestinal tract

35
Q

Sinusoidal Capillaries

A

Specialized fenestrated capillaries that permit the free exchange of water and solutes as large as plasma proteins

36
Q

Sinusoidal Capillaries are found in

A

liver and bone marrow

37
Q

Precapillary sphincter

A

is made of a ring of smooth muscle around the entrance to a capillary and are sensitive to local metabolic changes

38
Q

Blood flow through a particular tissue is controlled by

A
  1. the degree of resistance offered by the arterioles in the organ, which is controlled by sympathetic activity and local factors
  2. The number of open capillaries, which are controlled by the action of local metabolites on smooth muscle of terminal arterioles and capillary sphincters
39
Q

passive diffusion

A

down a concentration gradient and is the primary mechanism for exchange of individual solutes

40
Q

Bulk Flow

A

movement in bulk of protein-free plasma across the capillary walls between the blood and surrounding interstitial fluid; encompasses filtration and absorption

41
Q

Starling Pressures or Forces

A

Determine fluid movement or bulk flow across a capillary membrane, based on hydrostatic and osmotic pressures between the plasma and interstitial fluid

42
Q

Starling Equation

A

Jv=Kf [ (Pc-Pi) - (πc + πi)

43
Q

Jv

A

Fluid movement

44
Q

Kf

A

hydraulic conductance

45
Q

Pc

A

capillary hydrostatic pressure

46
Q

Pi

A

Interstitial hydrostatic prssure

47
Q

πc

A

capillary oncotic pressure

48
Q

πi

A

Interstitial oncotic pressure

49
Q

Filtration Pressure

A

a positive net exchange pressure (when outward pressure exceeds the inward pressure)

50
Q

Reabsorption Pressure

A

a negative net exchange pressure (when inward pressure exceeds the outward pressure)

51
Q

Lymphatic system function

A

responsible for returning interstitial fluid and proteins to the vascular compartment

52
Q

Within lymph vessels what directs the flow of lymph?

A

smooth muscle and one-way valves spaced at intervals within lymph vessels

53
Q

Edema

A

swelling of tissue because of excess interstitial fluid

54
Q

Venous Return

A

Volume of blood entering each atrium per minute from the veins
dependent on heart atrial v venous pressure gradient

55
Q

Venous Capacity

A

volume of blood the veins can accommodate which is influences by the distensibility of the vein walls and externally applied pressure squeezing inwardly on the veins

56
Q

alveolar vasoconstriction

A

reduces flow through these vessels because of their increased resistance there is less blood can enter and flow through a narrowed arteriole

57
Q

venous constriction

A

increases blood flow through these vessels because of their decreased capacity (narrowing of veins squeezes out more of the blood that is already present in the veins, thus increasing blood flow through these vessels)

58
Q

Venous Return is Influenced by

A
  1. Sympathetically induced venous vasoconstriction
  2. Skeletal Muscle Activity
  3. Effect of Venous valves
  4. Respiratory Activity
  5. Effect of Cardiac Suction
59
Q

veins/venules

A

return blood from microcirculation to the R. atrium of the heart

60
Q

capacitance vessels

A

veins serve as blood volume reservoirs

61
Q

effect of skeletal muscle on Venous Return

A

The keltal muscle pump “milks” the veins during contraction, driving blood towards the heart and assisting venous return

62
Q

localized edema

A

increased capillary bp resulting form effect of gravity causes excessive fluid to filter out of the capillary beds in to the lower extremities

63
Q

effect of venous valves on venous system

A

valves permit blood to move forward toward the heart and prevent blood from flowing back towards the tissue

64
Q

Effect of Respiratory Pump on Venous Return

A

During inspiration there is a decrease in intrathoracic pressure and an increase in intra-abdominal pressure- favors venous return and vena cava flow rises

65
Q

Effect of Cardiac Suction on Venous Return

A

heart functions as a suction pump to facilitate cardiac filling

66
Q

Heart Failure

A

the inability of the cardiac output to keep pace with the demands of the body for supplies and removal of wastes

67
Q

Two most common causes of heart failure

A
  1. Damage to the heart muscle as a result of impaired circulation to the cardiac muscle
  2. Prolonged pumping against a chronically increase afterload, as with a stenotic semilunar valve or a sustained elevation in blood pressure
68
Q

factors that cause heart failure

A
  1. impaired contracitility
  2. increased afterload
  3. impaired ventricular filling
69
Q

Systolic Dysfunction

A

heart failure that results from an abnormality of ventricular emptying, due to impaired contractility or excessive afterload

70
Q

Diastolic Dysfunction

A

heart failure due to abnormalities of diastolic relaxation or ventricular filling

71
Q

Circulatory Shock

A

when blood pressure falls so low that adequate blood flow to the tissues can no longer be maintained

72
Q

Hypovolemic Shock

A

Induced by a fall in blood volume; occurs due to hemorrhage, burn, surgery and trauma, severe diarrhea and vomiting

73
Q

exudate

A

a fluid with a high content of protein and cellular debris which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces

74
Q

Hemoconcentration

A

Increase in the proportion of formed elements in the blood as a result of a decrease in its fluid content

75
Q

septic shock (vasogenic shock)

A

endotoxin released by invading bacteria stimulates nitric oxide release by macrophages, contributes to severe hypotension (low bp)

76
Q

anaphylaxis (vasogenic shock)

A

occurs as a result of a severe allergic reaction to an antigen to which the patient has developed a sensitivity; causes profound vasodilation

77
Q

cardiogenic shock

A

failure of teh heart to maintain output due to cardiac disease

78
Q

neurogenic shock

A

produced by loss of vascular tone due to inhibition of the normal tonic activity of the sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerves (brain or spinal cord injury)

79
Q

Immediate Compensatory Mechanisms following Hemorrhage

A

Vasoconstriction, venoconstriction and increased HR

**Due to increased sympathetic tone, angiotensin II, vasopression and epinphrine

80
Q

Medium term compensatory mechanisms following hemorrhage

A

movement of interstitial fluid into vasculature

**Due to reduced capillary pressure and increased interstitial fluid osmolarity

81
Q

Long Term Compensatory Mechanisms Following Hemorrhage

A

recovery of fluid volume, Plasma protein synthesis and erythropoiesis
**Due to reduced urine output, increased fluid uptake, protein synthesis in liver, erythropoietin production from kidneys

82
Q

Irreversible Shock

A

after shock has progressed to a certain stage, becomes incapable of saving the life of the patient

83
Q

Effects of Shock

A
  1. Decreased metabolism
  2. Muscular Weakness
  3. Decrease Body Temperature
  4. Impaired Mental Function
  5. Reduced Renal Function
84
Q

Vasogenic Shock

A

shock caused by profound vasodilation

physiology (2 decks)

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