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ENG 112 > Final Exam Notes > Flashcards

Final Exam Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What is defamiliarization the purpose of

A

The purpose of art

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2
Q

What are the 5 literary technique used in station 11?

A
  1. Allegory
  2. Non Linear Narrative Structure
  3. 3rd Person limited narrator
  4. Foreshadowing
  5. Free indirect discourse
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3
Q

What term comes from defamiliarization used in Station Eleven?

A

Cognitive Estrangement

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4
Q

What type of setting reinforces the theme in Station Eleven

A

Set in a dystopian setting

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5
Q

What about Bob Dylan’s Nobel prize is important?

A

the definitions of “art” and “literature” remain highly contested.

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6
Q

What is the main question of Station Eleven?

A

What is the purpose of art?

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7
Q

Who created the concept as defamiliarization?

A

Viktor Shklovsky

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8
Q

Define: defamiliarization

A

by making our familiar, everyday world seem strange it encourages us to examine our world in a new light

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9
Q

What is Shklovsky’s view of defamiliarization

A

Art defamiliarizes the object and ideas it is supposed to represent

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10
Q

How do critics use defamiliarization?

A

The critic focuses on how the author has written the work and on how the work
affects the reader’s perception of the world.

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11
Q

Define: Free Direct Discourse

A

When the 3rd person narrator describes a character’s thoughts but without attribution the thoughts to the character. It is as if the narrator has thought this themselves.

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12
Q

Give an example of direct vs. indirect discourse

A

Direct: “You have such what?” she thought to herself.

Indirect: She wondered how he had intended to finish the sentence.

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13
Q

What does free direct discourse do?

A

Defamiliarizes the perceived distinction between objective and subjective experience

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14
Q

define: 3rd person limited narrator

A

point of view outside the story, but is not omniscient. The narrator has access to only one character’s thoughts.

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15
Q

How does Darko Suvin describe defamiliarization?

A

cognitive estrangement //

how the author’s subject matter cues the reader to reflect on their own world critically.

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16
Q

What genre uses defamiliarization

A

Science fiction

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17
Q

Describe science fiction as a genre

A

the author has constructed a setting that differs significantly from our own world and is produced by a rationally or scientifically plausible set of events.

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18
Q

What is at the heart of science fiction?

A

Novum

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19
Q

Define: novum

A

Essential difference between the story’s setting and the reader’s sense of reality

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20
Q

Why is science fiction socially progressive?

A

It can alert us to oppressive ideology

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21
Q

Define: dystopia

A

Terrible, frightening society which violates at least one of the reader’s cherished values

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22
Q

Who is the master of the contemporary short story?

A

Alice Munro

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23
Q

Why did Bob Dylan win a nobel prize?

A

For having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition

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24
Q

What do some prefer to call science fiction instead of a genre?

A

A mode of writing

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25
Q

What is Suvin’s notion of defamiliarization rooted in?

A

Marxism

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26
Q

How does Station Eleven address capitalism?

A

worker’s alienation and commodity fetishism

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27
Q

What is one of the themes of station eleven?

A

We must construct comforting realities for our delicate human psyches.

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28
Q

What is a key aspect of our reality?

A

sense of self (our ego)

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29
Q

How does station eleven use ego?

A

The characters protect their ego at the expense of meaningful social relationships

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30
Q

What is the development of science fiction?

A

Frankenstien -> American pulp magazines -> New Wave

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31
Q

What may science fiction be defined as in regards to writing?

A
  1. A genre

2. A mode of writing

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32
Q

Define: science fiction

A

A genre (or a mode of writing) in which the differences between the story’s unfamiliar setting and our own world are produced by a rationally or scientifically plausible set of events.

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33
Q

Give examples of science fiction novels

A

Frankenstein

A Journey to the centre earth

The Time Machine

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34
Q

Who founded the magazine era?

A

Hugo Gernsback

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35
Q

When was the magazine era for science fiction?

A

1926-1960

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36
Q

What magazine covered science fiction?

A

Amazing Stories

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37
Q

What was amazing stories most popular for?

A

Scientific research stories and futuristic technology

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38
Q

What is the paradox of science fiction?

A

To make it more legitimate it would have to destroy itself

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39
Q

What does Emily St John Mandel write in reddit?

A

I was interested in writing about the modern world, and it struck me that an interesting way to do that would be to write about its absence

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40
Q

What is the argument of marxism?

A 
In a capitalist society, the ruling class subdue civil unrest by manufacturing ideologies that keep labourers in a state of false
consciousness.
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41
Q

What do marxist critics do?

A

Examines the political statements a literary work conveys.

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42
Q

What are the 2 questions marxists ask?

A
  1. Does the work encourage readers to embrace unquestioningly the
    social conditions responsible for their oppression?
  2. Or does it encourage readers to critique the dehumanizing effects of
    a capitalist economy?
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43
Q

Define: commodity fetishism

A

One’s assumption that a commodity’s value lies in the price set by the market (e.g. $X or $Y)

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44
Q

When do we not fetishize commodities?

A

When we collectively decide that their value lies in the labour it took to make them.

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45
Q

When do we fetishize people as commodities? (x2)

A

(a) that we each have intrinsic value and

(b) that our value is determined by how much the market is willing to pay for our labour.

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46
Q

Define: Worker’s Alienation

A

When they feel

separated from their environment.

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47
Q

Describe worker’s alienation in a capitalist society

A

The wage worker loses control over his or her

labour and consequently loses a sense of self.

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48
Q

What is the overall theme of station eleven?

A

Humans must construct comforting realities for themselves, though these have varying consequences

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49
Q

What is a related theme to station eleven (according to Kristen)

A

The more you remember, the more you’ve lost

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50
Q

Define: epistolary novel

A

comprised of found

documents (e.g. letters, diary entries, transcripts, newspaper clippings, etc.).

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51
Q

Define: symbol

A

Object that represents an abstract idea

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52
Q

Define: Allegory

A

A story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.

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53
Q

How is horror fiction different than horror?

A

Horror fiction is danse macabre

Horror is a traumatic experience

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54
Q

Define: Danse Macabre (2 levels)

A

The gross out level

The physiological level

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55
Q

According to Lacan what does the troop exploit?

A

The highly fragile sense of self

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56
Q

What is the abject according to Kristeva?

A

The feeling of horror we experience when we can no longer distinguish between our sense of self and external objects

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57
Q

How do we protect ourselves from the abject?

A

Experience is through art

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58
Q

Define: ajbect

A

Before the mirror stage that children develops of sense of self by repressing substances that blur the boundary between subject and object

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59
Q

What are the 3 techniques Cutter uses to evoke the abject

A

Epistolary form

Narrative point of view

Imagery

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60
Q

What is the main difference between science fiction and horror?

A

Science fiction is an intellectual genre

Horror is an emotional genre

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61
Q

What does it mean that science fiction is an intellectual genre?

A

That it encourages readers to marvel at possible worlds.

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62
Q

What does it mean that horror is an emotional genre

A

Encourages readers to dread the real world

63
Q

Define: terror

A

the fearful anticipation of a horrifying event

64
Q

Define: horror

A

the shock of having experienced the horrifying event

65
Q

Define: revulsion

A

the physical, sickening reaction to the horrifying event

66
Q

What is Nick Cutter’s real name?

A

Craig Davidson

67
Q

What is the gross out level of danse macabre

A

The author creates a disgusting image

68
Q

What is the psychological level of danse macabre

A

The author presents a horrible, hidden truth one that readers repress on a daily basis.

69
Q

How do authors use the psychological level?

A

Through phobic pressure points or terminals of fear.

70
Q

Define: The uncanny

A 
That class of the terrifying which leads back to something long known to us, once very
familiar
71
Q

Who came up with the uncanny? What era?

A

Freud // Gothic

72
Q

What are the most uncanny things?

A

Those that remind readers of their earliest repressed impulses

73
Q

Define: The mirror stage

A

Children begin seeing
themselves as a stable, unified self (their “ideal ego”). They, in turn, begin denying that their minds actually consist of
fragmented, conflicting drives or impulses.

74
Q

What is the notion of the self dependent on?

A

The child’s ability to identify the ideal ego in external objects

75
Q

Who came up with the abject?

A

Julia Kristeva

76
Q

What is Julia Kristeva’s premise

A

The individual maintains the illusion of a subjectivity by establishing boundaries between a unifies sense of “I” (the subject) and the rest of the world (objects)

77
Q

What is the actual abject feeling?

A

The horrified feeling we experience when we can no longer distinguish between the subject and external objects

78
Q

How does the abject react?

A

Disturbs identify, system, order and does not respect borders, positions, rules.

79
Q

Define: Imagery

A

Language that appeals to one or more of the reader’s senses and gives a vivid and concrete impression of character and setting

80
Q

How do horror writers use imagery?

A

to evoke the abject

81
Q

Define: Abjection

A

The process by which individuals learn to repress the abject

82
Q

How does art purify the abject?

A

After putting the reader in contact with this horrifying reality, it returns the reader to the constructed reality of subjectivity

83
Q

Define: Jouissance

A

Paradoxically painfully joy the abject delivers

84
Q

What is horror fiction a descendent of

A

Gothic literary tradition

85
Q

What is the most notable horror trope used in the Troop

A

The Final Girl

86
Q

What is one of the themes of The Troop

A

A lack of masculine role models can have a destructive impact on a boy’s emotional development

87
Q

What do critics call horror

A

A genre of excess

88
Q

What does horror often veer into?

A

Humour

89
Q

What was the first Gothic novel? Author?

A

The castle of Otranto by Horace Walpole

90
Q

What does gothic fiction use as a metaphor?

A

Uses the supernatural as a metaphor for anxieties that middle class people struggle to repress

91
Q

Where are gothic stories usually set?

A

In buildings or places that have fallen into disuse but continue to connect characters to a hidden, distributing past

92
Q

What does gothic stories do to characters?

A

Plunge characters into worlds of uncertainty, where reason fails to explain strange occurrences

93
Q

Describe gothic terror

A

If the author sets out to merely create an ominous, creepy mood

94
Q

What are the character traits in gothic stories

A

Severely flawed and morally ambiguous characters.

95
Q

Give 2 examples of Gothic horror

A

Frankenstien & Dracula

96
Q

Define: Tropes

A

Widely recognized storytelling conventions

97
Q

Define: The final girl trope

A

The final character is often a girl, who not only survives but manages to vanquish the monster

98
Q

Why does it have to be a final girl vs. boy (4 points)

A

Still must be a victim

Masochistic pleasure

Desire to dominate

Male audiences refuse to identify with male characters going through the same trauma

99
Q

Why do horror novels/ films use teenagers?

A

They experience allegories for the uneasy transition from childhood into adulthood.

100
Q

Define: Ideal Ego

A

Ideal self

101
Q

Define: Ego- Ideal

A

The self as viewed from the point of view of the idea ego

102
Q

Define: Theory of Displacement

A

If an individual cannot attack a source of frustration, he or she will aeack a substitute. In so doing, the individual achieves catharsis (purification), a release of built-up tension.

103
Q

Define: Masochism

A

The tendency to derive pleasure, especially sexual gratification, from one’s own pain or humiliation.

104
Q

How do we use the abject as a form of discrimination?

A

We define ourselves in part by identifying what we are not

105
Q

What are examples of the monstrous-feminine horror figures?

A

The archaic mother (e.g. Alien)

The possessed monster (e.g. The Exorcist)

The woman as witch (e.g. Carrie)

The castrating mother (e.g. Psycho)

106
Q

What are the 2 types of murder according to Schneider?

A
  1. Murder as an artistic product

2. Murder as an artistic performance

107
Q

How does Linda Williams describe horror?

A

As a genre as excess as viewers express their reactions through bodily motions.

108
Q

How are comics defined?

A

Juxtaposed pictorial and other images in deliberate sequence

109
Q

Define: Viewer identification

A

The ability for readers to visualize characters as cartoons

110
Q

What does the author use Ms. Marvel to challenge?

A

Sexism & Islamophobic

111
Q

What kind of experiences of employed through comics?

A

Emotional & Sensory

112
Q

Define: Comics as an art form

A

Creates meaning through the dynamic interplay of text and image

113
Q

What is the difference between graphic novels and comics?

A

Nothing

114
Q

Why are comics not respected in the literary world

A

They fuse words and images in order to appear to the reader’s basest senses

115
Q

What are words and pictures together considered as?

A

A diversion for the masses/ crass commercialism

116
Q

How does Eisner define comics?

A

Sequential art

117
Q

How does McCloud define comics?

A

Juxtaposed pictorial and other images in deliberate sequence, intended to convey information and/or to produce an aesthetic reposes in the viewer.

118
Q

Define pictorial

A

Images bear at least some resemblance to the real world

119
Q

What is the difference between just words and then comics

A

Writing offers readers fixed meanings whereas a picture requires interpretation

120
Q

Define: Cartoons

A

Simplified pictorial renditions of people

121
Q

What does McCloud theorize about cartoons?

A

Cartoons amplify certain human features by removing fine details

122
Q

Why is lacking details beneficial in cartoons?

A

Allows a wider array of readers to connect with the character.

123
Q

How is the setting/ background drawn different from the character?

A

Often it is more detailed/ realistic as the reader connects with the character not the background.

124
Q

What are the 4 continua that photographs and cartoons are measured against?

A
  1. complex/ simple
  2. realistic/ iconic
  3. objective/ subjective
  4. specific/ universal
125
Q

What does iconic mean referring to a cartoon?

A

Cartoon refers to a cultural ideal vs. realism

126
Q

How are cartoons subjective

A

The viewer interprets the cartoon in a personally meaningful way

127
Q

What does Zoe represent in Ms. Marvel?

A

The islamophobic climate and the antagonist forces who essentialize, exoticize, and debase Muslims

128
Q

What does the lines from Sakal Ban Phool Rahi Sarson mean?

A

Not to cater to her oppressors’ expectations; be herself

129
Q

Where does the islamophobia come from in the book?

A

Kamala’s internal battle

Zoe

130
Q

How are emotions made visible in comics?

A

Through the way the background is drawn

131
Q

How are lines used in comics?

A

As a visual metaphor/ symbol

132
Q

How are panels used?

A

To display motion

133
Q

What is the area between the panels called?

A

Gutter

134
Q

Define: Closure in comics

A

The act of interpreting the connection between two juxtaposed panels

135
Q

What are 4 panel to panel transitions

A
  1. action to action
  2. subject to subject
  3. scene to scene
  4. aspect to aspect
136
Q

What does aspect to aspect mean?

A

Focuses of different aspects of the same scene (eg. Sun, man looking at sun, birds in sky)

137
Q

What are 4 ways comics merge text and image?

A
  1. word-specific combinations
  2. picture- specific combinations
  3. additive combinations
  4. interdependent
138
Q

What are word-specific combinations

A

pictures illustrate but don’t significantly add to a largely complete text

139
Q

What are picture- specific combinations

A

Words do little more than add a soundtrack to a visually told sequence

140
Q

What are additive combinations

A

Words amplify or elaborate on an image or vice versa

141
Q

What are interdependent combinations?

A

Words and pictures go hand in hand to convey an idea that neither could convey alone

142
Q

What 2 superheroes does Ms. Marvel bear resemblance to?

A

Batman and Superman

143
Q

Who is the original super heroine?

A

Wonder Woman

144
Q

Who created superman? In what comic did it debut in?

A

Joe Shuster

Action Comics

145
Q

How is Kamala similar to superman?

A

Regular by day, just trying to fit in. Social conformity

Must reveal mask to reveal true self and save the world

146
Q

What motivates superman and Kamala

A

Desire for a just world

147
Q

How is Kamala similar to batman?

A

Also relies on intelligence, technological innovation, physical training and detective skills.

148
Q

How is Wonderwoman a feminist icon?

A

The sexuality was a source of power and she rescued her male friend

149
Q

What is the superheroine paradox?

A

There are patriarchal limits to their powers. Must be powerful, but not enough to threaten her role as providing sexual pleasure to male readers

150
Q

What is different about Ms. Marvel as a superheroine?

A

Resists the male gaze (is not overly sexualized)

151
Q

What are the 5 stages of the hero’s journey?

A
  1. call to adventure
  2. refusal of the call
  3. supernatural aid
  4. crossing the threshold
  5. belly of the whale
152
Q

What is the belly of the whale for the super hero?

A

Appears to have died or been hurt and must be born again into their role.

153
Q

How is Kamala in the belly of the whale?

A

Shot in the 7-11 store robbery

ENG 112 (1 decks)

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