Final exam PSY Flashcards
4.2.1.1 The Period of the Zygote
- after egg is fertilized -) period of the zygote
- cells divide exponentially
- blastocyte: hallow ball of cells
- ectopic pregnancy: fertilized egg falls into the fallopian tube
- monozygotic (identical): egg divides to 2
- dizygotic (fraternal): when 2 eggs are released
4.2.1 Three Major Stages of Prenatal Development
for fertilization to occur, sperm needs to enter the verginerrr while the woman is ovulating. Fertilization also occurs during the menstrual cycle of a woman
4.2.1.2 The Period of the Embryo
- Happens after the fertilized egg sits in the utures
- This gestation period makes major changes and developments to the organs of the body
4.2.1.3 The Period of the Fetus
- refining and finishing touches
- brain development
- baby goes to head down position
4.2.2.1 Alcohol
- terratagon
- causes fetal alcohol syndrome
- there is no complete evidence that alcohol links to fkd up kids
4.3.1.2 Assimilation, Accommodation, and Equilibration (Piaget)
- assimilation: an individual counters information they are already introduced to (Joana’s dog example)
- accommodation: new info kinda, like Joana meets a different breed dog than hers, and she questions if it is really a dog since it does not look like hers
4.3.1.3 Stages of Cognitive Development
sensorimotor: Learns about the world largely through motor abilities
preoperational: Can mentally represent the past, but experiences issues with animism and egocentrism; routinely fails at conservation tasks
concrete operational: Reasons well about concrete events and routinely passes conservation tasks; still experiences difficulty thinking and reasoning abstractly
- formal operational: Able to think and reason about hypothetical situations and/or abstract problems
object permanence: how infants think subjects do not exist because they cannot be seen anymore
4.3.2.1 Attachment Styles: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth
Bowlby hypothesized attachment with mammals and living in the wild.
Ainsworth hypothesized it about infants and parents
securely attached: infants didn’t mind playing with toys and interacting with stranger while mother was in room, they became distressed when she left but happy when she came back
insecure resistant: so scared of mother being away, extra clingy etc.
insecure avoidant: nonchalant in all cases with and without the mother
disorganized attachment : they wanna see “mother” but also push her away
4.4.2.1 Identity Formation (james marcia)
foreclosed identity: decided who they are, but still likely to conform to ideas and thoughts of others
identity diffusion: have not made decisions or commitments of their identities
psychosocial moratorium: exploring various options,
4.5.2 Social Development
social clock: cultural norms
4.6 Development: A Lifespan Perspective (Erik Erikson)
Erik studied the perspective of birth to death unlike Pagiet did from infancy to early adulthood
4.7 Research Methods in Developmental Psychology
Longitudinal research design: can provide unique information about developmental processes (whether growth over time is characterized by stability or change)
cross-sectional research : in which children of various ages are tested in the same study, is useful for examining age-related change, but not development within the same person over time
10.1 Introduction: The Difficulty of Defining Intelligence
- some define it by the intelligence quotient (IQ)
- self enhancement bias is how people give themselves a higher IQ without actually testing for it
- high intelligence links to better socioeconomical status, health, and etc. from the book “flowers for Algernon”
What is intelligence: Solving problems in different contexts and having the ability to consider a wider variety of responses that are contextually sensitive.
- Aristotle theorized practical and theoretical intelligence
- Flynn effect: IQ test scores increasing over time
3 theories that prove flynn effect are:
1- Medical care / healthy nutrition
2- better education
3- increase in environmental complexity / technology, etc.
10.2.1 Early Measures of Intelligence (Galton)
Galton made an experiment in London trying to prove his hypothesis, but no evidence led to weight/eye or hair color having to do anything with an individual’s intelligence.
- Used standard deviation of test scores for variability in his experiment
10.2.2 Binet and Simon’s Intelligence Test
- Binet and Simon tested how intelligence links to behavioral measures rather than physiological
- they tested memory, imagination, reasoning, common sense
- Direction is the ability to know what to do and how to do it.
- Adaptation is the ability to create strategies for implementing this knowledge and monitoring its progress (notice Aristotle’s distinction at work).
- Criticism is the ability to step back and find errors in one’s thinking.
- if a 4 year old answered questions that a 6 year old can answer, then the 4 year old is assigned a mental age of 6
10.3 The Use and Misuse of Intelligence Testing
Sir Francis came up with eugenics
- In Nazi only allowed people with positive eugenics to have kids
- eugenics is the belief that how different races have different levels of intelligence, and eventually, Terman wanted other races to stop reproducing so they don’t have more of these species of unintelligent people.
- Terman got the results he did because of the english barrier, knowledge on the american culture.
10.3.1 Intelligence Testing across Groups
researchers tried to use more of Raven’s Progressive Matrices since language and cultural differences can’t be effected by it
10.4 The Nature of Intelligence: Introducing g and s ( Charles Spearsman)
g: general cognitive ability
example: I am bad at math, so I am bad at every course offered in skl
Spearsman came up with factor analysis, whihc is basically testing people on different things based on categories like “track and run”, or swim and dive.
S: more for a specific ability
Example: language, or speaking test
thurstone believed that there we different classes of mental abilities
10.4.1 The Debate about General Intelligence (Catell)
Catell tried adding on to thurstone and spearsman and claimed at the top of the hierchy is the general intelligence, with uid general intelligence (Gf) and crystallized general intelligence (Gc).
fluid intelligence: you answer questions without previous knowledge on the subject (Yap)
crystallized intelligence: answering questions using previous knowledge on whatever
10.5.1 Emotional Intelligence (Mayer and colleagues)
(1) the ability to perceive emotions accurately;
(2) the ability to use emotions to facilitate thought;
(3) the ability to understand emotions;
(4) the ability to manage emotions.
Damasio studied people with damage to emotional whatever, and there was no IQ difference from normal people, but they would get overwhelmed during the tests.
10.5.2 Other Forms of Intelligence
Analytical intelligence: when the components are applied to the kinds of problems found in standard IQ tests.
Creative intelligence: when the components are applied to unfamiliar situations where novelty is important.
Practical intelligence: is when the components are applied to real-world settings.
Successful intelligence: Being able to use all 3 ^^
12.1 Introduction: What is Personality?
Personality: an enduring set of internally based characteristics that produce uniqueness and consistency in the expression of a person’s thoughts and behaviors
3 characteristics of personality: are uniqueness, consistency, and explanation
12.2.1 Freud’s Psychoanalytic Perspective
Freud believed that sexual trauma was what led to hysteria and etc.
Freud came up with the iceberg explanation
Freud wanted to read people’s unconscious minds by different techniques like the:
Free association: they lay down, and say whatever comes to mind
Dream analysis: unconscious mind through people’s dreams
12.2.1.1 The Id, Ego, and Superego
Id: located completely in the unconscious mind, lead by aggressive or sexual impulses
Ego: “Right time and right place”, operates on all 3 levels of the conscious
Super ego: also all 3 levels of conscious, this one is more about morality n shit
12.2.1.3 Development of Personality: Psychosexual Stages
5 psychosexual stages
1- Oral stage: Mouth
Conflict associated with weaning from breast- or bottle feeding
2- anal stage: Anus
Conflict associated with toilet training
3- Phallic stage (3 to 6 years): Oedipal Complex for boys and Electra Complex for girls: Genitals
Conflict associated with competition with the same-sex parent for the affection of the opposite-sex parent
4- Latency period (7 to 11 years): None Conflict associated with practicing emerging sex-role behaviors during interaction with same-sex peers
5- Genital stage (11 years to adulthood): Genitals Conflict associated with the expression of emotional feelings and establishing meaningful relationships with members of the opposite sex
12.2.2.3 Horney’s Interpersonal Perspective
- German psychoanalyst
- focused more on interpersonal relationships than on intrapsychic conflicts as the primary determinants of personality
- social security: the state of being loved, cared about, etc by your partner
- moving towards people: ex: smoking for people to fw you
- moving away from people: not dating so she don’t hurt me
- moving against people: causes harm to someone before they harm u
12.3 Humanistic Perspectives
Humanism focuses on uniqueness and personal growth; Freudians focus on the influences of the unconscious.
12.3.1 Rogers’s Self-Theory
Self-esteem is how positively or negatively a person evaluates him- or herself based on life experiences
Rogers was a psychotherapist who assessed one’s current state of being (actual self) as well as the ideal level that one would like to achieve (ideal self)
Rogers proposed that the way in which you can help others reach self-fulfillment is by treating them with unconditional positive regard
12.4.2. Rotter’s Social Learning Perspective (Julian Rotter)
Locus of control: a person’s belief in the extent to which they control what happens to them
External locus of control: A person feels like they have no control over their current situations
Internal locus of control: A person feels like they could control their current situation
12.5.1 Behavioral Genetics Perspective
how biological + environmental factors can play a role in affecting one’s personality.
One of the most common methods used to estimate the genetic contribution to the expression of personality is to study twins
The degree of similarity between any set of twins on any measure of personality is assessed using the correlation coefficient and is referred to as the concordance rate
12.5.2 Neurological Perspective: Physiological and Cortical Influences
examines the extent to which various physiological factors (e.g., hormones and neurotransmitters) and brain activity (e.g., arousal and inhibition) determine the expression of certain personality characteristics
introverts: tend to have a level of cortical activity that is higher than average ( keep me home)
extraverts: seem to have a lower level of arousal (“I talk to everyone”)
12.5.3 Evolutionary Perspective
The personality characteristics associated with survival include conscientiousness which makes individuals more likely to engage in health-promoting behaviors and avoid risks, and optimism, which makes individuals more likely to have
Individuals exhibiting neuroticism tend to be overly moody, unstable, and anxious, which contribute to a general state of hyperarousal and tension.
12.6.1 Eysenck’s Trait Theory: The Three-Factor Theory
extraversion-introversion, neuroticism-emotional stability, and psychoticism-impulse control.
According to Eysenck, extraverts have a lower level of brain activity in the ARAS while introverts tend to have a higher level.
neuroticism: tendency to be touchy, restless, moody, and anxious
psychoticism: tendency to be impulsive, cold, aggressive, unconcerned about the rights and welfare of others, and antisocial
12.6.2 The Five-Factor Model: The Big Five Personality Factors
Openness: High: artistic, insightful, and intelligent
Low: common-place and shallow and having narrow interests
Conscientiousness: High: deliberate, efficient, and precise
Low: careless, frivolous, and irresponsible
Extraversion/sociability: High: adventurous, assertive, dominant, and sociable
Low: quiet, reserved, retiring, and shy
Agreeableness: High: cooperative, generous, and sympathetic
Low: cruel, quarrelsome, and unfriendly
Neuroticism: High: anxious, self-pitying, and temperamental
Low: calm, contented, and stable
12.7.5 Projective Techniques: An Indirect Look at Personality
Projective techniques of personality assessment involve asking an individual to respond to ambiguous test items that do not appear to have any clear or specific meaning. In the response, the individual is free to express whatever they see in the test item. Based on Freud’s model of the mind, the underlying logic of projective techniques is that the meaning the person projects onto the ambiguous test stimuli reflects the individual’s unconscious feelings, needs, and desires.
12.7.5.1 Association Techniques
Association techniques present a test stimulus to an individual and then ask them to respond with the first word, thought, or feeling that comes to mind
inkblot: people read an image, and based on what picture they see they get diagnosed with a personality. It is still used today but not preferable.
12.7.5.2 Construction Techniques
Thematic Apperception Test: With the TAT, an individual is shown a series of 17 cards containing an ambiguous photograph and asked to complete a story for each photograph, After analyzing the actions and motives projected by the individual into the creation of the stories, the examiner makes a judgment about the individual’s personality based on the common emotional and psychological themes appearing in the responses.
13.1 Introduction: Living with Others
Conformity: how an individual modifies their behavior while in a group because what other may think
- example of individuals in a room, and smoke starts appearing, but some do nothing because the paid actors are doing nothing different
