Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

KINE 2P90 > Final Exam Review(Final 3 Chapters) > Flashcards

Final Exam Review(Final 3 Chapters) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between Pulmonary and Cellular respiration?

A

Pulmonary Respiration = ventilation and exchange of gases in the lungs
Cellular Respiration = O2 utilization and CO2 production by the tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What system(pulmonary or cellular) plays a key role in maintaining the blood-gas homeostasis?

A

Pulmonary system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 4 processes/phases of gas exchange?

A
  1. Ventilation - movement of gases from the atmosphere and the alveoli
  2. Alveolar Gas Exchange - movement of gases between the alveoli and blood
  3. Circulatory Transport - transport of respiratory gases
  4. Systemic Gas Exchange - movement of gases between blood and systemic tissues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What organs are involved in the conduction zone?
What about the respiratory zone?

A

Conduction zone - nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, terminal bronchioles

Respiratory Zone - respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the difference between terminal and respiratory bronchioles?

A

Respiratory bronchioles contain small clusters of alveoli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the functions of the conduction zone?
Why is this function important?

A

To filter and humidify the air. The warming and humidification of air prevents the lung tissue from desiccation(drying out) during exercise.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do alveolar type 2 cells synthesize? Why is it important?

A

They synthesize surfactant which lowers alveolar surface tension which prevents their collapse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is bulk flow?

A

Movement of molecules along a passageway due to a pressure difference between the two ends.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe how intrapleural pressure controls breathing?

A

When the diaphragm contracts(flattens) intrapleural pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure forcing air into the lungs.
When the diaphragm relaxes(domes), intrapleural pressure increases above atmospheric pressure forcing air out.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What nerve innervates the diaphragm?

A

the phrenic nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the equation for airflow?

A

Airflow = (P1 - P2) / resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the main resistance to airflow and what typically causes this?

A

The biggest factor for airflow resistance is bronchi diameter. The diameter is typically decreases by diseases such as COPD and asthma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the equation for pulmonary Ventilation(VE)?

A

VE = Vt x f

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the typical VE for an average man at rest and heavy exercise?

A

At rest = 7.5L/min(0.5L x 15 breaths/min)
Heavy Exercise = 120-170L/min (3-3.5L x 40-50 breaths/min)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

T or F - All the air inhaled participates in respiration.

A

F - Some air is unused because it only reaches the conducting pathways and this area is known as the anatomical dead space.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Tidal Volume?

A

The amount of air inspired per breath.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is alveolar ventilation(Va)? How could you calculate it?

A

The amount of inspired gas that reaches the respiratory zone.
Va = Vt -Vd

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

T or F - Anatomical Dead Space increases during exercise.

A

F - The anatomical dead space will remain the same size.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the easiest way to increase ventilation?

A

Deeper breaths or more frequent breaths.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Explain how the different regions of the lungs receive different amounts of ventilation.

A

The Apex part of the lung receives less ventilation than the bottom part during rest. During exercise, the Apex region will receive a greater percentage of ventilation. This difference is mostly due to gravity and blood flow being pulled to the bottom of the lung at rest and standing. When Laying supine, blood flow will become more equalized across the lung.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What technique measures pulmonary volumes?

A

Spirometry.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define the following terms: Vital Capacity, Residual Volume, Total Lung Capacity.

A

Vital Capacity - the amount of gas that can be expired after a maximum inspiration
Residual Volume - the amount of gas that remains in the lungs after maximum expiration
Total Lung Capacity - the volume of gas in the lungs after a maximal inspiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is Dalton’s Law?

A

The total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressures that each gas would exert independently.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the barometric pressure at sea level?

A

760 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the percentage/fractional values of Oxygen, Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide at sea level?

A

Oxygen = 20.93% or 0.2093
Nitrogen = 79.04% or 0.7904
Carbon Dioxide = 0.03% or 0.0003

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen at sea level?

A

PO2 = 760 x 0.2093
= 159 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is Fick’s Law of Diffusion?

A

The diffusion of a gas is proportional to the tissue surface area, the diffusion coefficient of the gas, and the difference in partial pressure across the two sides of the tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is Henry’s Law?

A

Gases dissolved in liquids are dependent on the temperature, the partial pressure of the gas, and the solubility of the gas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What causes gases to diffuse between the lungs and blood?

A

The partial pressure of O2 in the alveolus is greater than the blood which drives diffusion across. The partial pressure of CO2 is greater in the capillary which drives CO2 into the alveolus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the Ventilation-Perfusion relationship? What does it mean to have a high ratio? Low ratio?

A

Perfusion is the matching of ventilation to blood flow. This relationship analyzes the amount of ventilation and blood flow is going to a certain area of the lung, or whole lung. The ideal ratio to 1.0.
A high ratio = high ventilation to low blood flow. The apex of the lung when standing at rest is an example.
A low ratio = more blood flow than ventilation. Although this might not seem ideal, V/Q ratio greater than 0.5 is adequate to meet demands when at rest.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How many molecules of O2 can be bound to 1 hemoglobin?

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How much oxygen(in mL) can 1 gram of fully saturated hemoglobin transport?

A

1.34 mL of O2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve? What is the reaction?

A

The quantitative relationship between the partial pressure of O2 and the binding of O2 to the hemoglobin.

Deoxyhemoglobin + O2 <–> Oxyhemoglobin

34
Q

Why is it important that RBCs do not contain a nucleus or mitochondria?

A

This is because the RBC relies on anaerobic glycolysis. If RBCs used oxygen, then they would rob the tissues of O2 and this would be inefficient. This allows them to just transfer O2 and not use it.

35
Q

What factors determine the direction of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve reaction?

A
  1. the PO2 of the blood
  2. the affinity between hemoglobin and O2
36
Q

What are some of the key trends/points with the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

There is a steep increase in %HbO2 up to a PO2 value of 40mmHg. After this, the rise is slower and plateaus.
At rest only up to 25% of O2 is unloaded at the cells. During intense exercise, venous PO2 can be lowered to ~20 mmHg and 90% of O2 is unloaded at the cells.

37
Q

How does pH affect the dissociation curve?

A

The strength of the O2-Hb bound is weakened by a lowered pH(more acidic). This results in increased unloading to tissues. Hydrogen ions will bind to hemoglobin lowering the affinity for O2.

38
Q

How does Temperature affect the O2-Hb dissociation curve?

A

a decrease in temperature causes a left shift and an increase in temperature causes a right shift. This means, an increase in temperature weakens the bond between O2 and Hb.

39
Q

How does 2-3 DPG affect the O2-Hb dissociation curve?

A

2-3 DPG is a by-product of RBC glycolysis which can bind to hemoglobin. However, exercise does not cause 2-3 DPG concentrations to increase when at sea level. 2-3 DPG concentrations only increase at high altitudes and anemia.

40
Q

What is the difference between Hemoglobin and Myoglobin?

A
  • Myoglobin is found in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells.
  • Myoglobin has a greater affinity for O2
  • Myoglobin has a steeper dissociation curve than hemoglobin for PO2 values below 20mmHg.
  • Myoglobin discharges its O2 at very low PO2 values. This is important because the PO2 value in mitochondria in muscles can be as low as 1-2 mmHg.
41
Q

What are the 3 ways CO2 is transported in the blood?

A
  1. Dissolved
  2. Bound to hemoglobin
  3. Bicarbonate
42
Q

How does CO2 become bicarbonate?

A

When PCO2 is high, CO2 will combine with water to form carbonic acid. The carbonic acid molecule will then dissociate into a hydrogen molecule and bicarbonate.

43
Q

How does ventilation control blood pH levels?

A

When PCO2 levels increase, this increases hydrogen ion concentrations which decreases pH. When pulmonary ventilation increases, more CO2 is exhaled, decreasing hydrogen ion concentration and increasing pH.

44
Q

What is the ventilatory threshold?

A

This occurs around 50-75% of O2 max and this is when ventilation will start to increase exponentially instead of linearly.

45
Q

What happens to breathing patterns at moderate and intense levels of exercise?

A

Moderate - tidal volume increases greatly but frequency only increases slightly.
Intense - tidal volume reaches limit so the only increase in ventilation is through breathing frequency.

46
Q

What controls the contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles? Where is the structure located?

A

The respiratory control centre is located in the medulla oblongata.

47
Q

Where is the central chemoreceptor and what changes does it detect?

A

Located in the medulla and detects changes in PCO2 and H+ concentrations in the CSF

48
Q

What are peripheral chemoreceptors and where are they located?

A

Located in the aorta and common carotid arteries. They detect PCO2 and H+ in the blood. Carotid artery can detect changes in blood K+ too.

49
Q

What is the hypoxic threshold?

A

The point where VE increases rapidly due to low PO2. This usually occurs around 60-75 mmHg.

50
Q

What is the Hering-Breuer reflex?

A

This reflex limits the inflation in the lungs/depth of inhalation by the use of stretch receptors in the lungs. This reflex is what limits the tidal volume during exercise.

51
Q

Where does the initial drive to increase ventilation come from?

A

neural input from higher brain centres to the respiratory control centre.

52
Q

T or F - A rise in VE and an increase in pH often happens simultaneously during exercise.

A

False - when VE increases, pH will decrease.

53
Q

T or F - The lungs adapt to exercise.

A

False - The lungs do not adapt during exercise it is actually the respiratory muscles that adapt.

54
Q

Why do the lungs not adapt to exercise?

A

Because the structural capacity of the lungs is overbuilt for gas exchange in young adults and can exceed at the gas exchange rate needed for exercise.

55
Q

Is respiratory muscle fatigue a limiting factor in exercise performance?

A

Yes, during prolonged bouts of high intensity, respiratory muscles can decrease VE due to fatigue after about 10 minutes.

56
Q

What are the 3 key principles of training? Define each term.

A

Overload - exercising muscles beyond limit
Specificity - exercising training is specific to the muscles involved
reversibility - fitness gains can be reversed when training is ceased.

57
Q

What is VO2 max?

A

maximal capacity of the body to transport and use O2 during dynamic, whole-body exercise.

58
Q

What is needed for endurance training programs to improve VO2 max?

A

continuous dynamic exercise > 20 minutes per session
three or more times a week
at >50% VO2 max

59
Q

T or F - Genetics do not play a role in VO2 max.

A

False - Genetics play a large role in a persons VO2 max

60
Q

What is a “high responder” and a “low responder” to exercise?

A

High responder - will show large improvements in VO2 max
Low responder -small training-induced improvements

61
Q

What is the Fick equation for VO2 max?

A

VO2 max = Cardiac output x a-vO2 difference

62
Q

How can stroke volume be increased?

A

EDV - more blood in the ventricles
Cardiac Contractility - the strength of the cardiac muscle contraction
Afterload - refers to the peripheral resistance against the ventricle

63
Q

What increases arteriovenous O2 difference(A-vO2 difference)?

A

More O2 extraction from the tissues.
- Capillary density increases
- mitochondrial volume increases

64
Q

T or F - Mitochondrial Volume is not the key limiting factor in VO2 max.

A

True - Mitochondrial capacity will always exceed cardiac output.

65
Q

Fast to slow shift in myosin isoforms is physiologically important because it increases _________ efficiency and therefore can potentially improve endurance performance.

A

Mechanical

66
Q

Why is increasing the capillary density advantageous?

A

Diffusion distance is reduced.
More time for material exchange at the tissue.

67
Q

What is the metabolism response sequence at the onset of exercise?

A

Phosphocreatine -> Glycolysis -> Oxidative phosphorlyation

68
Q

________ _________ is the primary fuel for the nervous system.

A

Plasma Glucose

69
Q

Endurance training results in a decreased use of _______ as fuel and an increased use in ________ metabolism during prolonged exercise.

A

Glucose, Fats

70
Q

Define hypoglecemia.

A

Low blood glucose

71
Q

List the 3 endurance training adaptations that promote fat metabolism.

A
  1. increased capillary density
  2. increased ability to transport FFA across the sarcolemma
  3. improved ability to move FFA from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria
72
Q

What are muscle antioxidants?

A

They neutralize free radicals to protect against radical-mediated injury.

73
Q

________ antioxidants are produced within the body. _______ antioxidants are derived from the diet.

A

Endogenous, exogenous

74
Q

How does endurance trained muscles maintain blood pH?

A

By producing less lactate and H+. By using more oxidative phosphorylation, you avoid creating lactate as a by-product.

75
Q

What is mitochondrial biogenesis?

A

The formation of new mitochondria

76
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

Formation of new capillaries.

77
Q

T or F - Protein accumulation is linear when exercising over-time.

A

False - You will have large protein accumulation in the first weeks of training. Then it will slow down over-time.

78
Q

T or F - Specific adaptations will result from the type of exercise stimulus.

A

True

79
Q

________ and ________ promote the activation of different cell signalling pathways.

A

Resistance training, Endurance training

80
Q

What is the primary signalling pathway for protein synthesis?

A

mTOR

81
Q

Exercise-induced adaptations are related to _______ heart rate, ventilation, and catecholamine responses during submaximal work.

A

Lower

KINE 2P90 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions