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Anatomy & Physiology > Final - Marcinkus > Flashcards

Final - Marcinkus Flashcards

1
Q

The chorda tympani is a branch of the ___ cranial nerve

A

Facial or CN VII

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2
Q

What is the fluid found in the scala vestibuli and scala tympani?

A

Perilymph

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3
Q

IHC innervation is primarily …

A

Afferent

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4
Q

How many ampulla are in the entire (bilateral) vestibular system?

A

6

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5
Q

How many macula are on one side of the vestibular system?

A

2

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6
Q

The outer hair cells are in an excitatory state when the stapes is moved _________.

A

Laterally

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7
Q

What are the causes of eustachian tube dysfunction?

A
  1. upper respiratory infection
  2. head/neck tumor
  3. cleft lip/palate
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8
Q

Air pressure in the middle ear space should be ____________.

A

Atmospheric

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9
Q

What is the auditory nucleus within the thalamus called?

A

Medial Geniculate Body (MGB)

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10
Q

Embryologically, the ossicles develop from ____________.

A

Mesoderm

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11
Q

The maculae is a sensory organ within the _______________.

A

Saccule and Utricle

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12
Q

The saccule is responsible for the sensation of _____________.

A

Vertical acceleration

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13
Q

What is the structure that houses the stapedius muscle?

A

Pyramidal Emminance

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14
Q

Where on the brainstem does the vestibulocochlear cranial nerve insert into?

A

Pontomedullary Junction

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15
Q

What perception do the semicircular canals allow?

A

Angular Acceleration

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16
Q

What four nerve tracts run within the internal auditory meatus?

A
  1. CN VII, facial nerve
  2. CN VIII, superior vestibular nerve tract
  3. CN VIII, inferior vestibular nerve tract
  4. CN VIII, cochlear nerve tract
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17
Q

What structures are gelatinous masses?

A
  1. Cupola
  2. Tectorial membrane
  3. Otolithic membrane
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18
Q

Where is the cupola located within?

A

Semicircular canals

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19
Q

A head turn to the left causes the left horizontal SCC to be ___________ while the right horizontal SCC is _______________.

A

Excitatory, Inhibitory

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20
Q

Otoconia rest upon the otolithic membrane in the __________.

A

Utricle and Saccule

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21
Q

Which structure(s) send projections through the superior vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

SCC and Utricle

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22
Q

Auditory neurons tuned to high frequencies are found along this part of the cochlear branch of CN VIII

A

Laterally (outside)

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23
Q

Where does an auditory stimulus travel after leaving the inferior colliculus?

A

Ipsilaterally to thalamus

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24
Q

The first level in the brainstem that receives crossover of the auditory pathway

A

Superior Olivary Complex (SOC)

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24
Q

What is the name of the fluid in the scala media?

A

Endolymph

25
Q

Areal ratio provides approximately _______ of gain.

A

22.5 dB

26
Q

What is the resonance of the concha?

A

5000 Hz

27
Q

What is the resonance of the human ear canal?

A

2700 Hz

28
Q

What is the resonance of the middle ear space?

A

TBD

29
Q

The natural resonances and filtering of the outer and middle ear allow for ____________.

A

TBD

30
Q

What makes up the pars tensa?

A

Epithelium (ectoderm)
Connective Tissue (mesoderm)
Mucosal Lining (endoderm)

31
Q

The cone of light should be present in which quadrant of the tympanic membrane?

A

Anterior-Inferior

32
Q

The pinna develops from what structures?

A

Hillocks

33
Q

The primary auditory cortex is also known as ________________.

A

Brodmann’s Area 41

34
Q

Where are the cell bodies for the auditory nerve fibers located within?

A

Spiral Ganglion

35
Q

What is the theorized physiology of tiplinks?

A

Opens up ion channels and allow K+ to enter the cell body

36
Q

How does the basilar membrane change in anatomical structure from base to apex?

A

At the base, the basilar membrane is narrower, stiffer, and tighter, coding for high frequency signals. As it moves toward the apex, it gets wider, looser, and less stiff, coding for low frequencies.

37
Q

What structure invaginates to form the auditory/vestibular sensory organs during embryological development?

A

Ectoderm

38
Q

What is the primary purpose of the eustachian tube?

A

Ventilate the middle ear space

39
Q

What is the areal ratio of the middle ear?

A

The difference in area between the tympanic membrane and the oval window.

40
Q

What is the umbo and where is it located?

A

Structural landmark created by the tip of the manubrium of the malleus where it attaches to the medial side of the tympanic membrane.

41
Q

What structures are involved in the acoustic reflex pathway?

A

TBD

42
Q

Contraction of the stapedius muscle is _____________ and is innervated by which cranial nerve?

A

Congruent, CN VII

43
Q

What is the bony projection on the medial wall of the middle ear space?

A

Promontory

44
Q

What do 95% of Type I afferent auditory nerve fibers synapse on?

A

IHC

45
Q

Which structure is tonotopically organized?

A

Basilar membrane

46
Q

Where is the cochlear nucleus located?

A

Caudal Pons

47
Q

What structure allows for rapid transmission of neural impulses along a nerve cell?

A

Myelin Sheath

48
Q

What are the typical anatomical components of the posterior SCC?

A

Type II hair cells
Cristae
Endolymph

49
Q

What does the intensity coding of the cochlea depend on?

A

Number of auditory neurons firing

50
Q

What might a malformed mandible evident at birth indicate?

A

TBD

51
Q

What is the primary purpose of the pars flaccida?

A

Pressure Valve

52
Q

What does the vestibulospinal tract allow?

A

Postural Adjustments

53
Q

What does the medial vestibulospinal tract allow?

A

Neck flexion and extension

54
Q

How does oval window intensity coding differ from cochlear intensity coding?

A

Oval window intensity coding is linear.

Cochlear intensity coding is nonlinear.

55
Q

What role does the OHC play in cochlear amplifier?

A

Enhances soft intensities within the Organ of Corti

55
Q

A condensation stimulus deflects the basilar membrane ______________ and is _______________ to the auditory neuron

A

Downwards / Inhibitory

56
Q

A rarefaction stimulus deflects the basilar membrane __________________ and is __________________ to the auditory neurons

A

Upwards / Excitatory

57
Q

What are the characteristics of the action potential?

A

Depolarization past threshold of excitation

All or nothing event

Dependent on ion channel gates

58
Q

What structures make up the membranous labyrinth?

A

Cochlea
Utricle
Semicircular canals

59
Q

What is endolymph?

A

Potassium-rich

60
Q

Arnold’s branch is part of which cranial nerve?

A

CN X, Vagus

Anatomy & Physiology (3 decks)

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