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Advanced Pathophysiology 1 > Final Nervous System > Flashcards

Final Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Dermatomes:
-describe
-clinical significance

A

-area of skin supplied by neurons that arise from spinal ganglion

-help localize cord lesions
-certain viruses hibernate in ganglia causing rash in associated dermatome
Ex. shingles

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2
Q

Fast Pain:
-time
-NT and where it comes from
-effects what
-feels like

A

0.1 sec

Transmitted by Type A Delta fibers from NEOspinothalamic tract with GLUTAMATE as excitatory NT

effects body surface

sharp, stabbing, burning pain; well localized

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3
Q

Slow Pain:
-time
-NT and where it comes from
-effects what
-feels like

A

1sec

Transmitted by Type C fibers fromPALEOspinothalamic tract with Substance P as excitatory NT

effects body surface and deep tissue

Aching, throbbing pain; poorly localized

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4
Q

OTC capsaicin cream can remove _ _ from local nerve endings and relieve pain

A

Substance P

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5
Q

_ is the main cause of pain from tissue damage

A

Bradykinin
-K+ and Proteolytic enzymes contribute too

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6
Q

Intensity of pain is correlates with _ of tissue damage, not total amount.

A

rate

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7
Q

Pain receptors are _ nerve endings and are less dense in _ structures

A

free
visceral or internal

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8
Q

Ischemia is _ _ _ to provide adequate oxygenation.

A

insufficient blood flow

-can LEAD to hypoxia

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9
Q

Hypoxia is _ _ of oxygen available at cellular level.

A

reduced level

-O2 helps form AP ad is needed for Na/K ATPase pump

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10
Q

Which CAUSES pain- ischemia or hypoxia?

A

ischemia

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11
Q

Causes of ischemic pain: (3)

A

-BRADYKININ
-proteolytic enzymes
-LA buildup

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12
Q

Referred pain is when the _ and _ _ nerves synapse at the same time, confusing the body of the source of pain.

A

deep (visceral)
skin fiber

ex. L shoulder pain and MI

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13
Q

Referred pain is localized to a _ of embryonic origin.

A

dermatome

heart: neck, shoulder, arm,
stomach: above umbilicus
colon: below umbilicus

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14
Q

In terms of referred pain, pt describing pain above their umbilicus could be localized the their _.

A

stomach

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15
Q

Major endogenous opiates: (4)

A

beta endorphins
-met enkephalins
-leu enkephalins
-dynorphins

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16
Q

The hypothalamus and pituitary have which endogenous opiate ligands?

A

Beta endorphins

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17
Q

The brain stem and spinal cord have which endogenous opiate ligands?

A

Dynorphins and Enkephalins

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18
Q

Functions of opiate system:

A

-pain suppression during stress
-response to emergency
-effective in defense/adaptation

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19
Q

Physio of Cerebral Cortex:
Each area of cortex is connected to a specific part of the _, and when that connection is lost, cortical function _.

A

Thalamus
stops

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20
Q

Physio of Cerebral cortex:
All sensory pathways pass thru the _ except for the _ tract.

A

Thalamus
Olfactory Tract

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21
Q

Speech involved 2 things:

A

-formation of thoughts to be expressed/ word choice
-motor control/ ability of vocalization

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22
Q

Wernicke’s Area functions involve:
-what happens if aphasia here

A

formation of word/thought/ word choice
-COMPREHENSION

-can talk but won’t make sense :(

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23
Q

Broca’s Area functions involve:
-what happens if aphasia here

A

motor coordination to speak
-SPEECH

-can form ideas/sentences but cannot speak :(

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24
Q

Destruction of _ _ won’t prevent one from thinking but depth of thought/ level of awareness may be less.

A

cerebral cortex

25
Q

The hippocampus is linked to _ amnesia

A

anterograde

26
Q

The thalamus is linked to _ amnesia

A

retrograde

27
Q

The INDIRECT pathway of the cerebral cortex signals to the _ _, _, and the _ nuclei.

A

basal ganglia
cerebellum
brainstem nuclei

28
Q

The DIRECT pathway of the cerebral cortex signals one way to the descending (motor) _ tract and one way to the ascending (sensory) _ tract.

A

Corticospinal
Spinothalamic

29
Q

The cerebrum and cerebellum are connected by the _ _

A

red nucleus

30
Q

The _ _ is involved in PLANNING movement and fine/ discrete motor movement as well

A

cerebral cortex

31
Q

The _ is responsible for COORDINATING movement.

A

cerebellum

-monitors and makes adjustments to actual movement from intended movements

32
Q

A pt has a history of intention tremor and ataxia, and states he’s so clumsy he steps right into puddles. What area of the brain could be affected?

A

Cerebellum

33
Q

_ can cause pts to have corpus collostomies.

A

Seizures

34
Q

The _ is responsible for controlling voluntary movement.

A

Cerebrum

35
Q

Interruption of fibers of the _ _ can cause bizarre anomalies like the dominant hemisphere understanding spoke words and the non-dominant side understanding written words + responding without dom side.

A

corpus callosum

36
Q

Brain waves represent the _ potential of neurons picked up on EEG

A

GRADED

37
Q

2 types of sleep:

A

-slow wave or deep sleep
-REM sleep or paradoxical sleep

-increased CMRO2 and dreaming with REM; REM is NOT deep sleep

38
Q

Stimulation of the _ nuclei causes _ release which is thought to cause sleep.

A

Raphe
serotonin

39
Q

_ helps with memory and growth factors.

A

sleep

40
Q

The _ _ control movement, posture, and COMPLEX aspects of behavior

A

basal ganglia

41
Q

The _ , which contains the pons, midbrain, and medulla oblongata, relays signals all thru brain and helps maintain equilibrium, HR, breathing, consciousness, and swallowing

A

brainstem

42
Q

The _ _ (part of RAS) helps regulate FOCUS, SLEEP, and cardiovascular control

A

reticular formation

43
Q

The _ is responsible for DEPTH of breathing

A

pons

44
Q

The _ _ is involved in AUTONOMIC centers of breathing and cardiovascular control-lethal if this is damages

A

MEdulla Oblongata

45
Q

The _ relays from the cortex with many synapse stations and is involved with AROUSAL and ATTENTION

A

thalamus

46
Q

The _ is the master command for NEURAL and ENDOCRINE coordination

A

hypothalamus

47
Q

The _ houses the pineal gland which secretes _ in darkness

A

epithalamus
melatonin

48
Q

The _ _ is associated with LEARNING, emotions, and behavior

A

limbic system

-if deficient = autism, adhd, etc

49
Q

Physio of ANS:
The _ NS can be impaired if thoracic or lumbar spinal cord is damaged

A

SNS

50
Q

Physio of ANS
The _ nervous system possesses a single motor neuron that courses the CNS. It releases _ to its effector, the skeletal muscle which has _ receptors on it

A

somatic
ACh
nAChr

-voluntary

51
Q

Physio of ANS:
The ANS’ preganglionic fiber secretes _ to the _ receptor on its ganglion from the _, which then releases an NT from its post-ganglionic fiber to its effector.

A

ACh
nAChr
PNS

-voluntary

52
Q

Physio of ANS:
The ANS’ effectors are _ and _ muscles, _, and _ neurons

A

smooth and cardiac muscles
glands
GI neurons

53
Q

Physio of SNS:
Most organs are dually innervated, and their actions _ each other

A

oppose

ex. heart - vagus n or sm. intestin with S2,3,4

54
Q

Physio of SNS:
The inner part of the _ _ secretes hormone but only does so if it’s activated by the preganglionic neuron, making it a _ _ neuron.

A

adrenal medulla
modified sympathetic neuron

55
Q

Cholinergic receptors are for _

A

ACh

56
Q

ACh acts at _ and _ cholinergic receptors

A

-muscarinic (GPCR)
-nicotinic (ligand-gated ion channels)

57
Q

Adrenergic receptors are _ GPCR and bind with _ or _

A

METABOTROPIC
NE or Epi

58
Q

Alpha adrenergic receptors cause _. Alpha 1 _ most vascular smooth muscle and Alpha 2 _ some vascular smooth muscle.

A

vasoconstriction
contracts x2

59
Q
A

Advanced Pathophysiology 1 (7 decks)

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