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BIOC 2580 > Final Nutrition > Flashcards

Final Nutrition Flashcards

Midterm 3-final

1
Q

Who can be a nutritionist?

A

Anyone

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2
Q

Who are legally protected

A

Dietitians

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3
Q

MNT is practiced by

A

Medical Nutrition therapy is practiced by anyone but it should only be health care professional

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4
Q

Name 6 of the media red flags

A

1 Promises a miracle cure, or a quick fix anything that is too good to be true
2 Testimonials
3 Supporting research is a single study or animal studies, or evidence is cherry-picked
4 Not supported by a credible source
5 Conflict of interest
6 It sounds too good to be true

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5
Q

How does caffeine interact with adenosine receptors in the body?

A

caffeine binds to adenosine receptors without activating them, acting as a competitive inhibitor.

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6
Q

Where are adenosine receptors located in the body, and how does caffeine affect them?

A

Adenosine receptors are found in the brain, cardiovascular system, and skeletal muscle. Caffeine acts as an antagonist to these receptors.

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7
Q

What are the effects of caffeine binding to adenosine receptors?

A

Caffeine binding prevents adenosine from exerting its effects, leading to changes in various physiological processes.

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8
Q

How does caffeine impact cAMP concentration and protein kinase A activity?

A

Caffeine binding alters cAMP concentration and can activate or deactivate protein kinase A, influencing functions such as lung activity, mental excitation, heart rate, and neutrophil degranulation.

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9
Q

What are some physiological effects of caffeine binding to adenosine receptors?

A

Caffeine can cause mental excitation, increased heart rate (tachycardia), and changes in lung function, among other effects.

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10
Q

What distinguishes coffee from caffeine in terms of biological activity?

A

Coffee contains numerous biologically active compounds beyond just caffeine.

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11
Q

How does acute ingestion of caffeine affect insulin sensitivity?

A

Acute ingestion of caffeine is associated with decreased insulin sensitivity.

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12
Q

What is the relationship between chronic coffee consumption and the risk of Type 2 diabetes?

A

Chronic coffee consumption is linked to a decreased risk of Type 2 diabetes.

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13
Q

Can you explain how coffee consumption affects the risk of Type 2 diabetes across different populations?

A

Regular coffee drinking is protective against Type 2 diabetes in various ethnic groups and across different levels of consumption.

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14
Q

What are some potential health benefits associated with regular coffee drinking?

A

Regular coffee consumption has been associated with a reduced risk of Type 2 diabetes and offers potential health benefits across different populations and drinking habits.

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15
Q

What compounds in coffee, besides caffeine, contribute to its health benefits?

A

chlorogenic acid (CGA) is one such compound found in coffee.

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16
Q

What role does chlorogenic acid (CGA) play in coffee’s antioxidant properties?

A

CGA is a potent antioxidant found in coffee, contributing to its antioxidant properties.

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17
Q

How does the consumption of antioxidants from coffee compare to that from fruits and vegetables in Western culture?

A

More than 60% of antioxidant consumption in Western culture comes from coffee, compared to only 13% from fruits and vegetables.

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18
Q

Describe the process by which chlorogenic acid (CGA) is metabolized in the body.

A

CGA is hydrolyzed by colonic microorganisms and then absorbed in the large intestine

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19
Q

How might individual differences in gut microbiota affect the metabolism of chlorogenic acid (CGA)?

A

Individual variability in gut microbiota may lead to differences in the metabolism of CGA.

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20
Q

What potential effect does chlorogenic acid (CGA) have on glucose absorption in the gut?

A

CGA may slow glucose absorption in the gut.

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21
Q

How does decaffeinated coffee compare to caffeinated coffee in terms of its impact on glucose levels for both high and low glycemic index foods?

A

Decaffeinated coffee has been shown to result in lower glucose levels compared to caffeinated coffee, particularly with high glycemic index foods.

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22
Q

What acute effect do caffeinated beverages have on blood pressure?

A

Caffeinated beverages acutely increase blood pressure.

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23
Q

How does calcium intake relate to the risk of arrhythmia?

A

Excessive calcium intake can lead to arrhythmia.

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24
Q

What is the relationship between caffeine metabolism, CYP1A2 gene variants, and myocardial infarction (MI) risk?

A

Carriers of the CYP1A2 1F variant, associated with slower caffeine metabolism, may have an increased risk of myocardial infarction.

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25
Q

What is the role of the CYP1A2 gene in caffeine metabolism?

A

The CYP1A2 gene codes for a liver enzyme responsible for metabolizing caffeine, with variants affecting the rate of metabolism.

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26
Q

According to Health Canada, what is the recommended maximum daily caffeine intake, and what percentage of the population might be negatively affected by exceeding this limit?

A

Health Canada recommends consuming less than 400 mg of caffeine per day, as exceeding this limit could harm approximately half of the population.

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27
Q

What is the consensus regarding the association between coffee consumption and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in healthy populations?

A

Generally, it is accepted that coffee consumption does not increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in healthy populations and may even reduce the risk of CVD mortality.

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28
Q

Despite the acute increase in blood pressure caused by caffeine, what is generally accepted about coffee consumption and its impact on cardiovascular health?

A

Despite the acute increase in blood pressure, it is generally accepted that coffee consumption does not increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in healthy populations.

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29
Q

How does excess adiposity affect cardiac structure and function?

A

Excess adiposity can lead to physical enlargement of various tissues and organs, including the heart, resulting in changes to cardiac structure and function.

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30
Q

What are the endocrine functions of adipose tissue, and how do they contribute to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks?

A

Adipose tissue produces adipokines, which are pro-inflammatory molecules, contributing to chronic inflammation associated with obesity and increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).

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31
Q

What are some health risks associated with obesity?

A

Health risks include hypertension, dyslipidemias, metabolic syndrome, coronary artery disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and Type 2 diabetes.

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32
Q

What is MHO (Metabolically Healthy Obesity)?

A

MHO refers to individuals with a high body mass index (BMI) but without evidence of poor health or CVD risk factors.

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33
Q

According to new evidence, how does obesity impact the risk of heart failure and other cardiometabolic diseases?

A

Any level of obesity is now suggested to increase the risk of heart failure and other cardiometabolic diseases.

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34
Q

How do individuals respond differently to the same nutritional intake?

A

ndividual responses to nutritional intake can vary, leading to differences in weight management and metabolic outcomes.

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35
Q

How does weight cycling (yo-yo dieting) affect health compared to sustaining an elevated BMI?

A

Weight cycling is more harmful to health than sustaining an elevated BMI and is associated with increased risks, including a higher risk of endometrial cancer.

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36
Q

How is adipose cellularity affected by elevated body weight?

A

Elevated body weight is associated with adipose hypertrophy, resulting in an increase in both the number and size of fat cells.

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37
Q

Can lifestyle intervention reduce the number of fat cells in the body?

A

Lifestyle intervention can reduce the size of fat cells but not the number of fat cells.

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38
Q

How does behavioral weight loss affect energy expenditure?

A

behavioral weight loss leads to a reduction in resting and total energy expenditure beyond what would be expected based solely on the endpoint BMI and body composition.

39
Q

What changes in hormonal levels are observed in individuals with obesity?

A

Individuals with obesity experience a decrease in leptin (satiety hormone) and an increase in ghrelin (hunger hormone).

40
Q

What caution should be exercised when considering nutraceutical products marketed as weight loss aids?

A

Nutraceutical products marketed as weight loss aids should be approached with caution, and it’s essential to understand the complexities of weight loss before recommending or using such products.

41
Q

How does the existence of nutraceutical weight loss products relate to the prevalence of overweight and obesity?

A

If effective nutraceutical weight loss products existed, the high rates of overweight and obesity might not persist to the extent seen today.

42
Q

What are the risks associated with weekly levels of alcohol use for pregnant or breastfeeding individuals?

A

There is no known safe amount of alcohol consumption for pregnant or trying-to-conceive individuals. For breastfeeding, it’s safest to avoid alcohol entirely, as it enters breast milk within 30-60 minutes, affecting infant sleep and decreasing milk production.

43
Q

How does alcohol consumption affect the health risks for females compared to males?

A

Females are at a higher risk of long-term harm, such as liver damage, and have an increased risk of breast cancer due to alcohol consumption.

44
Q

How does alcohol consumption relate to cancer risk, and which types of cancer are associated with alcohol consumption?

A

Alcohol is a carcinogen and is associated with at least 7 types of cancer, responsible for 7000 cases of cancer deaths annually, mainly colon and breast cancer.

45
Q

What is the French Paradox, and what role does moderate red wine consumption play in it?

A

The French Paradox refers to France’s lower coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality despite a higher intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA). Moderate red wine consumption is suggested to contribute to this paradox by reducing the risk of all-cause mortality.

46
Q

What were the findings of the Copenhagen City Heart Study regarding alcohol consumption and mortality risk from cardiovascular disease (CVD)?

A

Wine-beer intake was associated with a decreased mortality risk from CVD, with similar findings observed in France and the US regarding wine consumption and total mortality.

47
Q

How does red wine compare to gin in terms of its effects on inflammation and cardiovascular health?

A

Red wine shows anti-inflammatory effects and decreases the oxidation of LDL-cholesterol in plasma more effectively than gin, leading to reduced markers of inflammation.

48
Q

What is resveratrol, and where is it found in nature?

A

Resveratrol is a hydrophobic polyphenol found in high concentrations in grape skins, red wine, peanuts, currants, and pistachios.

49
Q

What are some suggested health benefits of resveratrol, based on animal studies?

A

Resveratrol has been proposed to prevent aging, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, decrease inflammation, reduce fat mass, and improve ph

50
Q

What are some challenges associated with studying resveratrol in humans?

A

Resveratrol metabolizes quickly, making it hard to track, and is excreted in urine. To match resveratrol intake in animal studies, humans would need to drink an impossible amount of wine daily.

51
Q

What are the findings of human studies regarding the effects of resveratrol supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers and disease endpoints?

A

Resveratrol supplementation has shown favorable changes in inflammatory biomarkers, with some evidence pointing to lower risks of cardiovascular disease mortality and all-cause mortality. However, there is less evidence for direct effects on disease endpoints.

52
Q

How does resveratrol compare to caloric restriction in terms of its effects on lifespan and health?

A

Both resveratrol and caloric restriction activate the SIRT1 pathway and have been associated with increased lifespan, decreased cancer and cardiovascular disease risk, cognitive decline, and improved glucose homeostasis.

53
Q

What is the main challenge when considering resveratrol as a functional food or nutraceutical?

A

Resveratrol’s rapid metabolism results in low bioavailability, posing a challenge when considering it as a functional food or nutraceutical.

54
Q

What is the suggested safe dose of resveratrol, and how does it compare to drinking wine?

A

The safe dose of resveratrol is suggested to be 1g/day. Due to the required dose, resveratrol as a nutraceutical is more realistic than obtaining it through wine consumption.

55
Q

What are Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA)?

A

Saturated fatty acids are fatty acids with no double bonds between carbon atoms, meaning they are saturated with hydrogen atoms.

56
Q

What do Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA) contain?

A

Monounsaturated fatty acids contain one double bond in their structure.

57
Q

What do Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) have in their structure?

A

Polyunsaturated fatty acids contain two or more double bonds in their structure.

58
Q

What are Essential Fatty Acids (EFA)?

A

Essential fatty acids are fatty acids that cannot be synthesized by the body in sufficient amounts and must be obtained from the diet. They include alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA).

59
Q

What are LC-PUFA, and what role do they play in the body

A

LC-PUFA, or long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, include omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. They are bioactive molecules that constitute cell membrane phospholipids, act as signaling molecules, and serve as precursors of bioactive lipid mediators like eicosanoids, which play a role in inflammation.

60
Q

What are some effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on cardiovascular health?

A

Omega-3 fatty acids have been shown to lower plasma triglyceride levels, reduce VLDL synthesis, decrease blood pressure, and have anti-inflammatory effects.

61
Q

How are Omega-3 Fatty Acids important for neurological development?

A

Omega-3 fatty acids, especially EPA and DHA, are crucial for the development and functioning of the brain and visual system, particularly during fetal development and early childhood.

62
Q

What factors influence the synthesis of LC-PUFA in the body?

A

Endogenous synthesis of LC-PUFA can be influenced by factors such as alcohol consumption, sex, pregnancy, smoking, and dietary intake.

63
Q

What mechanisms underlie the reduction of ALA content in the body?

A

The reduction of ALA content involves transcriptional regulation of the fatty acid desaturation pathway, desaturation pathway activity, and mitochondrial respiration.

64
Q

Why is it important to ensure adequate consumption of omega-3 LC-PUFA?

A

Omega-3 LC-PUFA plays important roles in cardiovascular health and neurological development, yet the Western diet often contains very low amounts of these fatty acids.

65
Q

What is a probiotic?

A

A probiotic is a live microorganism that, when administered in adequate amounts, confers a health benefit on the host.

66
Q

What is a prebiotic?

A

A prebiotic is a substrate that is selectively utilized by host microorganisms, conferring a health benefit.

67
Q

What is a synbiotic?

A

A synbiotic is a mixture comprising live microorganisms and substrate(s) selectively utilized by host microorganisms, conferring a health benefit on the host.

68
Q

What is a postbiotic?

A

A postbiotic is a preparation of inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confers a health benefit on the host.

69
Q

What are fermented foods?

A

Fermented foods are foods made through desired microbial growth and enzymatic conversions of food components.

70
Q

What are some potential health benefits associated with probiotic use?

A

Probiotic use has been linked to preventing urinary tract infection recurrence in post-menopausal women, reducing mercury and arsenic absorption in pregnant women, improving outcomes in polytrauma patients, reducing the duration and severity of common cold episodes, and saving working days lost to respiratory tract infections.

71
Q

How do bacteria become a part of the human body?

A

Bacteria become a part of the human body through colonization, which can occur through contact with mothers, breastfeeding, skin-to-skin contact, contact with the environment (including other people, animals, and surfaces), lifestyle and diet factors (such as hygiene practices and antibiotics). Beneficial gut bacteria form mutual beneficial relationships with their host, aiding in digestion, vitamin production, immune system training, and protection against harmful pathogens.

72
Q

What are the potential risks associated with probiotic use in babies?

A

Babies are at risk of developing necrotizing enterocolitis due to probiotic use, and it is generally considered unsafe for infants. nec

73
Q

What is the definition of functional food?

A

Functional food is any food with demonstrated physiological benefits and/or reduction of chronic disease risk beyond basic nutritional functions.

74
Q

How are nutraceuticals defined?

A

Nutraceuticals are substances isolated from food that demonstrate physiological and/or health benefits and/or reduction in chronic disease risk.

75
Q

Define medicine.

A

Medicine is a substance or mixture of substances intended for medical use, including diagnosing, treating, or preventing diseases or disorders, as well as restoring or correcting organic functions. It is heavily regulated.

76
Q

In what forms do functional foods come?

A

Functional foods come in natural food forms with low processing.

77
Q

What forms do nutraceutical foods come in?

A

Nutraceutical foods come in the forms of pills, liquids, capsules, and powders.

78
Q

How are medicine foods presented?

A

Medicine foods come in the forms of pills, liquids, tablets, capsules, topicals, inhalers, and injections

79
Q

How can blood glucose be regulated through different means?

A

Blood glucose can be regulated through medication such as metformin, nutraceutical use like berberine, and functional food use such as cinnamon.

80
Q

What is the physiological effect of magnesium on hypertension?

A

Lack of magnesium is a risk factor for hypertension, as magnesium acts as a calcium antagonist on smooth muscle, resulting in vasorelaxation.

81
Q

What are some antihypertensive effects of garlic?

A

Garlic has many antihypertensive effects exerted by its bioactive component allicin. It significantly affects both systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

82
Q

What is the mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors in hypertension treatment?

A

ACE inhibitors decrease all-cause mortality in hypertensive patients by decreasing bradykinin degradation, leading to increased levels of nitric oxide and prostaglandins, causing vasodilation.

83
Q

What are some issues associated with the use of nutraceuticals and medicine?

A

Issues include lack of regulatory compliance oversight, lack of experimental evidence, false advertising, interactions between supplements/nutrients/herbs and drugs, and the idea of “more is better” leading to toxicity.

84
Q

Is food considered medicine? Are nutraceuticals considered medicine?

A

Food and nutraceuticals can have medicinal properties, but they are not considered medicine in the traditional sense. They play a role in disease prevention and management, but their effectiveness and regulation differ from pharmaceutical drugs.

85
Q

What are ergogenic aids?

A

ergogenic aids are any training technique, mechanical device, nutritional ingredient or practice, pharmacological method, or psychological technique that can improve exercise performance capacity or enhance training.

86
Q

What percentage of athletes in Canada use supplements, and what are the main reasons for usage among males and females?

A

87% of athletes in Canada use supplements. Males typically use supplements to enhance performance, while females use them for health reasons.

87
Q

How are supplements regulated in Canada?

A

Supplements are regulated under Natural Health Products (NHPs) in Canada.

88
Q

What factors are considered in research designs investigating ergogenic aids?

A

Research designs include factors such as trained vs. untrained individuals, age, sex, dosages, combinations of supplements, whether they are randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the type of control used (placebo or active), and whether the focus is on mechanisms or performance outcomes.

89
Q

What is the hierarchy of scientific evidence, from lowest to highest?

A

The hierarchy of scientific evidence ranges from case reports and case studies to cross-sectional studies, case-control studies, cohort studies, controlled trials, and meta-analyses/systematic reviews.

90
Q

What are some examples of macronutrients that have ergogenic effects?

A

Examples include protein/essential amino acids, hydration + carbs + electrolytes, creatine, beta-alanine, caffeine, sodium bicarbonate, and nitrates.

91
Q

How does caffeine affect exercise performance?

A

Caffeine has been shown to improve performance in endurance and repetitive sprint activities by carbohydrate sparing and decreasing perceived exertion. However, its effectiveness may decrease with regular consumption, and it can lead to agitation, dehydration, and urinary limits if consumed excessively.

92
Q

What is the role of genetics in responsiveness to ergogenic aids?

A

Genetics can influence an individual’s responsiveness to ergogenic aids, meaning that some people may experience greater benefits than others from the same supplement.

93
Q

What is the efficacy of sodium bicarbonate as an ergogenic aid?

A

Sodium bicarbonate acts as a buffer and decreases blood CO2 levels, which can benefit activities lasting 1-3 minutes. However, many people experience significant gastrointestinal distress when using it.

94
Q

What is the current understanding of the efficacy of nitrates as an ergogenic aid?

A

The efficacy of nitrates is still not entirely clear, especially in higher-caliber athletes. They have been shown to increase nitric oxide production, reduce the oxygen cost of exercise, enhance type II muscle fibers, and increase blood flow, particularly beneficial for endurance and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) sports lasting around 12 minutes. However, there are both acute and chronic risks associated with their use.

BIOC 2580 (2 decks)

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