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Hematology > Final Part 1 > Flashcards

Final Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

hematopoiesis

A

the production of all cells of the blood by the bone marrow (granulocytes, erythrocytes, platelets)

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2
Q

what are the unique dual properties of stem cells

A

asymmetric mitosis produces one stem cell (self-renewal) and one daughter cell capable of maturation (lineage commitment)

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3
Q

mesenchymal stem cell

A

earliest progenitor cell for stromal cells of bone marrow microenvironment (endothelial cells, fibroblasts, adipose cells, osteoblasts)

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4
Q

bone marrow microenvironment

A

“cell soup” matrix that provides support for and control of hematopoiesis

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5
Q

regulatory factors

A

cytokines that drive lineage production: G-CSF, EPO, TPO

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6
Q

blast

A

the most immature cell type of a given lineage; typically large nuclei with dispersed chromatin

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7
Q

granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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8
Q

left shift to immaturity

A

release of immature granulocytes from storage compartment into the blood

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9
Q

immunophenotype

A

proteins identified on the cell surface membrane, in the cytoplasm, or within the nucleus that can be used to determine lineage and stage of maturation

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10
Q

standard definition of anemia

A

RBC count, Hgb, Hct are below normal ranges

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11
Q

ineffective erythropoiesis

A

erythroid lineage is increased in the bone marrow but RBCs fail to get produced and released into the blood in normal amounts - usually because they die in the bone marrow

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12
Q

aplasia

A

loss of a given bone marrow lineage or all lineages (in aplastic anemia)

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13
Q

dysplasia

A

abnormal morphology of bone marrow cells, often found in myeloid neoplasms

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14
Q

reticulocyte

A

young RBC with residual RNA that gives it a bluish/gray appearance on blood smears

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15
Q

neutrophil AKA

A

poly, polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN), granulocyte

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16
Q

circulating pool

A

neutrophils that are present in a blood specimen because they are circulating with RBCs and platelets (usually about 50% of blood neutrophils)

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17
Q

marginated pool

A

neutrophils that are attached to the endothelium in the process of migrating into tissue (usually about 50% of neutrophils)

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18
Q

demargination

A

release of endothelial cell-attached neutrophils back into the circulation, can be caused by epinephrine

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19
Q

feather edge

A

end of blood smear, often the location of large cells

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20
Q

smudge cell

A

damaged nucleus from broken lymphocyte

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21
Q

basket cell

A

damaged nucleus from broken neutrophil

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22
Q

cell of origin

A

the likely cell type at a specific stage of maturation linked to a hematologic neoplasm, determined by morphology and immunophenotype of a tumor cell

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23
Q

induction chemotherapy

A

potent initial therapy given for acute leukemia for one month before reevaluation

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24
Q

remission bone marrow

A

blast percentage is less than or equal to 5% after induction chemotherapy

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25
Q

lifespan of RBCs

A

120 days

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26
Q

how are senescent RBCs removed

A

by the spleen

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27
Q

platelets aka

A

thrombocytes

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28
Q

how are platelets formed

A

shag off of megakaryocytes

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29
Q

lifespan of platelets

A

10-12 days

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30
Q

lifespan of neutrophils

A

3-5 hours in the blood, die after migrating to tissues

31
Q

lifespan of T-lymphocytes

A

decades

32
Q

location of T-lymphocytes

A

migrate back and forth between blood and tissues throughout their lifespan

33
Q

how many blood cells are produced per day

A

billions per kg

34
Q

indications for bone marrow examination

A

abnormal and unreconciled blood findings, to distinguish production abnormality from cell destruction, diagnosis, staging, and monitoring of hematologic neoplasms, infections, and congenital hematologic disorders

35
Q

anatomic site for bone marrow biopsies

A

posterior iliac crest

36
Q

regulatory components of hematopoiesis

A

hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, bone marrow microenvironment, positive and negative regulatory factors

37
Q

blood cells in which stages of maturity are capable of division

A

stem cells, progenitor cells, blasts

38
Q

what is basic progression of maturity

A

hematopoietic stem cells, progenitor cells, blast cells, mature cells

39
Q

where do hematopoietic stem cells live

A

highly specific bone marrow microenvironment niches

40
Q

what determines the fate of hematopoietic stem cells

A

interactions with the bone marrow microenvironment

41
Q

where do immature myeloid cells reside

A

adjacent to bony trabeculae or surrounding small vessels

42
Q

where do mature myeloid cells reside

A

in the hematopoietic cavity

43
Q

what is the key cytokine for granulopoiesis

A

G-CSF

44
Q

stages of granulocyte maturation

A

myeloblast to promyelocyte to myelocyte to metamyelocyte to band to mature

45
Q

key cytokine for erythropoiesis

A

erythropoietin (EPO)

46
Q

where is EPO produced and in response to what

A

in the kidneys in response to hypoxia

47
Q

where does erythropoiesis occur

A

in discrete colonies within the hematopoietic cavity

48
Q

what characterizes erythroid lineage maturation

A

progressive decrease in nuclear size, progressive nuclear condensation and extrusion, and gradual production of hemoglobin within the cytoplasm

49
Q

how long does erythrocyte production and maturation within the bone marrow take

A

5-7 days

50
Q

how are mature RBCs released into the blood

A

as they are produced

51
Q

key cytokine for platelet production

A

thrombopoietin

52
Q

what initiates the cascade of megakaryocyte proliferation and differentiation

A

the binding of TPO to its ligand

53
Q

what characterizes megakaryocyte proliferation

A

endomitosis, not cell division

54
Q

what is endomitosis

A

progressive doubling of nuclear material with hyperlobulation

55
Q

where does megakaryopoiesis occur

A

the adventitial surface of bone marrow capillary venous sinus

56
Q

how do platelets enter the bloodstream

A

via megakaryocyte projections (proplatelets)

57
Q

inhibitor cytokines for hematopoiesis

A

tumor necrosis factors

58
Q

which blood count number is a poor reflection of bone marrow activity and why

A

lymphocytes, they are long-lived and recirculate in blood

59
Q

where does most fetal hematopoiesis take place

A

liver and spleen

60
Q

infant differences in CBC

A

abundant reticulocytes, left shift

61
Q

child differences in CBC

A

lymphocytes more numerous than neutrophils

62
Q

reticulocytes in adults

A

present but not abundant

63
Q

left shift causes

A

infection (especially bacterial, fungal), acute stress, G-CSF-mediated

64
Q

duration of granulopoiesis

A

10-14 days

65
Q

what is only circulating pool of granulocytes counted in CBC

A

absolute neutrophil count

66
Q

what type of cell is usually associated with an erythroid colony

A

central macrophage

67
Q

normal range for neutrophils

A

50-70%, 1500-6500 ANC

68
Q

normal range for lymphocytes

A

25-40%, 1000-4000 absolute

69
Q

normal range for monocytes

A

2-9%, 200-900 abs

70
Q

normal range for eosinophils

A

2-4%, 200-400 abs

71
Q

normal range for basophils

A

<1%, 50-100 abs

72
Q

formula for absolute count

A

% x WBC

73
Q

what CBC value best reflects real-time bone marrow activity

A

absolute neutrophil count

74
Q

standard stain for peripheral blood smear

A

wright-giemsa

Hematology (1 decks)

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