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Anthro 157 > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

Necessary Conditions for a Crime

A
  • Motivated offender
  • Appropriate Setting
  • Suitable target/victim (CRAVED)
  • Crime also requires a written law proscribing the activity
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2
Q

Separation in Space & Time

A
  • Victims and offenders are not found in the same place
  • Offenders typically travel out of their neighborhood towards the victim
  • On occasion victims will travel into offender territory
  • Combination of the previous two
  • Movement is extremely important in regards to crime
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3
Q

Routine Activity Theory

A
  • What you do on a regular basis creates the opportunity or you to be the victim of a crime or commit a crime
  • Crimes can only be committed where motivated offenders encounter suitable victims in the absence of effective security
  • People going about there daily routines are sufficient to create conditions for most crime
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4
Q

Journey to Crime Distribution

A
  • People have locations that they visit frequently and they are close to where they live.
  • As a result our travel patterns, we are only really familiar with certain locations. and there are places really close to us that we know nothing about
  • We (victims) exist in bubble. Offenders are not quite as unique
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5
Q

Awareness and Activity Spaces

A
  • Offenders only commit crimes in the places they know best
  • Crimes usually occur recreation spaces, home, work
  • Activity space is the bath between nodes
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6
Q

Crime Generators

A
  • Special activity point: locations that tend to generate a lot more crime than others
  • Places like transit hubs, school, malls, or big gatherings of people (Coachella)
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7
Q

Crime Attractors

A
  • Locations that offenders will go to, to commit crimes because they know it can be done easily (Hollywood, malls, etc.)
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8
Q

Routine Activities

A

Two Parts

    1. Crime can only occur when motivated offender comes with suitable victim in appropriate location
    1. People going about daily routines is sufficient to generate all the crime we see in society
  • Not a deterministic generator of crime, it only creates opportunities
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9
Q

Offender Flexibility/Specialization

A
  1. They are specialist - focus on doing one crime type only

2. They are generalists - commit many different kinds of crime, depending on opportunity

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10
Q

Specialization/Professionalism

A
  • Offenders quickly figure out what they are good at, soon after onset, and stick with it throughout career
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11
Q

Generalist/Amateurs

A
  • They are new to criminal career

- Have not developed or found skills, so they do a little bit of everything

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12
Q

Types of Specialists

A
  1. Violent Criminals: those who commit crimes that involve actual or threatened violence
  2. Property Criminals: crimes that involve no violence like arson, and burglary
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13
Q

Intensive vs. Intermittent

A
  • Intensive: Start early, career criminal (no job), solo offending, violent
  • Intermittent: Start later in life, usually have job, not career criminals, non-violent, opportunistic
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14
Q

Self Control Theory

A
  • Criminal typically have low self-control
  • All about the instant gratification
  • Fundamentally generalists
  • An extension of control theory
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15
Q

Differential Opportunity Theory

A
  • Different types of opportunities are being presented to offender and this is driving them to commit crimes
  • These opportunities are not evenly distributed
  • Environment may constrain offenders, paving the way for specialist or generalists
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16
Q

Neighborhoods and Crime

A
  • Certain settings are conducive to committing crimes
  • An example of a hotspot for crimes is East LA: active and persistent over time
  • Wealthier areas have higher rates of property crime over lower income areas
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17
Q

Macro vs. Micro Theory

A
  • Makes its difficult to explain why crime persists in certain places in spite of who is living there.
  • Crime is more dependent on the place than the people
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18
Q

Social Organization

A
  • Institutions: schools, churches, police, government, businesses
  • Informal: family, friends, neighbors
  • Normal function of these organizations effectively produce crime control
19
Q

Social disorganization

A
  • Institutions and informal networks function and poorly or have failed completely
  • Abnormal function of these leads to no crime control benefits
20
Q

Concentric Zone Model

A

Works from the middle to the outside.

  1. Central Business Zone: center of industry, very few people lived here
  2. Transitional Zone: State of flux, business was was expanding to the poor residential areas
  3. Working Class Zone: single family tenements
  4. Residential Zone: Middle class families, single family homes
  5. Commuter Zone: Upper middle class, suburbs
21
Q

Transitional Zone

A
  • Researchers found this to be the center of crime
  • Landlords believe they will pushed out and tenants don’t want to be there
  • Crime is endemic
    McKay found:
    1. residential instability
    2. Racial/ethnic/linguistic diversity: us vs. them
    3. poverty/crime relationship: concentrated disadvantages
22
Q

Gang Problem

A
  • LA is the gang capital of the USA and possibly World
  • An estimated 463 gangs, and 39,000 gang members
  • Nationwide
  • -28,000 gangs
    • 730,000 gang members
    • Gangs are concentrated in big urban centers
23
Q

Gang Phenomenon Over time

A
  • Peak activity was in the early 1990’s

- Late 1990s and early 2000s we lost a lot of gang activity

24
Q

Gang Crime

A

Up to 30% of youth involved in gangs, especially in Urban areas

  • Commit up to 85% of crime
  • Commit wide array of crimes
25
Q

Gang Origin and Organization

A
  • Local origin, friends who knew each other and hung out and eventually formed gangs
  • Law enforcement believed gang members were migrating and setting up franchises
  • Other gangs borrow names, symbols, and color even if no affiliation
  • If they move they join new gangs
  • Vast majority are not a part of organized crime
26
Q

Defining Gangs/Motivation

A
  • If you ask individuals this can be problematic
  • Legally considered part of a gang if members engaged in criminal activity
    Socially: They seek to represent and protect the reputation of the gang
27
Q

Gang Participation

A
  • Young boys between 15-17, and we see some 18-24
  • Follows age crime curve
  • 75% of gang members are male
  • 25% white, 31% black, 25% Latino
28
Q

Risk factors - attracting youth to gangs

A
  • Critical life events (death or abandonment)
  • Weak parental monitoring
  • Negative peer influence
    Insignificant factors
    – self esteem
    – family structure
    – attachment with family
29
Q

Policy implications in regards to gangs

A
  1. Prevention: stopping kids from joining in the first place
  2. Intervention: disrupting consequence of gang activity
  3. Suppression: squashing gang activity
30
Q

Gun ownership

A
  • Distinction between hang guns and long guns
  • -long: used for hunting and sports
  • -short: used for personal protection
  • People most likely to own are white, middle to upper class men who live in rural settings
  • Gun ownership has done down overtime, people are moving to more urban areas
31
Q

Firearms

A
  • 35,000 firearms deaths a year
  • More guns more problems
  • 61% of firearm fatalities attributed to suicide
  • 39% attributed to homicides
32
Q

Crimes with & without guns

A
  • Robbery w/ a gun
  • -less likely to attack
  • -risk of injury lower
  • -risk of death is higher
  • -chance of successful crime increases
    • take (results of robbery) increases
33
Q

Values at Stake

A
  • Individualism: users find functional value in guns no matter there use
  • Gun control: owners should be interested in relinquishing rights for greater good
  • Gun rights: ownership reduces crime and their is constitutional rights to own guns
34
Q

Drugs & Prison Problem

A
  • From 80s onward California went on incarceration spree
  • emergence of crack cocaine facilitated this spree
  • Our prisons are overcrowded
35
Q

Drug Use

A
  • Pharmaceuticals: Oxycontin, Valium
  • Minor illegal drugs: PCP, LSD. Used infrequently
  • Major illegal drugs: Cocaine/crack, heroin, meth. Expensive and widely available. Causing largest problems
  • Cannabis
36
Q

Drugs & Crime

A
  • drug use and control cause conflict
37
Q

Intoxication & Crime

A
  • Alcohol is greatest contributor to crime globally
  • Contributes specifically to violent crimes
  • Reasons
    • Lowers your inhibitions
  • -impairs your judgement
38
Q

Crime supporting drug habit

A
  • Commit low skill and level crime to make quick money
  • Most drugs don’t contribute directly to crime (alcohol is exception)
  • Drug use supports illicit market (sold there)
39
Q

Policy implications - drugs

A
  • reduce drunkenness
  • reduce availability of drug
  • concentrate harsh punishment on violence
  • crack down on market
40
Q

Routine Activities Theory (Crime Triangle)

A

Necessary Conditions

    1. Motivated Offender
    1. Suitable Target
    1. Appropriate Setting
  • Pull out any of these and crime cannot occur
  • Law is also needed to make these activities illegal
41
Q

Handlers

A
  • Security features responsible for removing
  • Responsible for incapacitating offender
  • Arrest is most visible incapacitation
  • Incarceration is about removing offenders from the crime triangle
42
Q

Guardians of Victims

A 
Formal Observation 
-- Secret service 
-- Brinks (money pick-up company)
Informal  Observation
-- Management of people and property 
-- Grandparents keeping an eye on kids
-- Parents play huge role in guarding kids from hazards
43
Q

Managers of settings

A
  • Regulating access to and activities that go in these places
  • Regulating traffic flow
  • Disrupting convergence & incident setting
  • Regulating access
44
Q

Security Cameras and Police officers (arrest, barricade, security)

A
  • Play managerial role
  • Play Handler role
  • Play Guardian

Anthro 157 (2 decks)

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