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US History > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

Greenback

A

nickname given to the new paper money

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2
Q

Conscription

A

forcing people into military service

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3
Q

Habeas Corpus

A

right to not be imprisoned unless charged with a crime

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4
Q

Attrition

A

constant harassment or attack

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5
Q

Anaconda Plan

A

Block Southern ports, controlled the Mississippi (cut the south in two), Capture major cities.

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6
Q

Prisoner of war

A

a soldier captured by the enemy in battle

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7
Q

Blockade Runner

A

ship that smuggles goods through a protected area

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8
Q

Emancipation Proclamation

A

freed all enslaved people in states still in rebellion

transformed the conflict over preserving the Union into a war of liberation

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9
Q

Gettysburg Address

A

presented my Abraham Lincoln
greatest speech of American history
read at a ceremony in honor of those who died in the Gettysburg battle

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10
Q

Hardtack

A

a hard biscuit made of wheat flour

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11
Q

Union vs Confederate Advantages

A

U - larger population, 23 states, manufacturing, majority of railroads, strong naval advantage, better economy
C - fighting on home front, passionates about their cause,, played defense,help from Europe, better military leadership

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12
Q

Siege

A

military blockade of a city to force it to surrender

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13
Q

Pickett’s Charge

A

Led by confederate general George Pickett
An attempt to break Union Lines
1500 C troops charged the Union lines // only 500 made it there

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14
Q

Antietam

A

Bloodies one day battle in American history
Union victory
Convinced Lincoln to end slavery in the south
6000 men killed

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15
Q

Gettysburg

A

Lee began moving his troops into PA
Union forces moved to intercept the confederates at the town of Gettysburg
confederates ordered a heavy assault to end the battle quickly

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16
Q

Appomattox Courthouse

A

Lee and the confederate army surrender here

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17
Q

March to the Sea

A

Lincoln wantes to find a way to demoralize the South and end the war quickly
ordered William Sherman to march across Georgia, destroying everything in it’s path
was successful in demoralizing the south

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18
Q

Confederate Surrender

A

Surrounded and badly outnumbered, Lee decided to surrender his forces and the Appomattox courthouse
Union agrees to not prosecute any confederate soldiers for treason

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19
Q

Reconstruction

A

rebuilding of the former confederate states

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20
Q

Black Codes

A

Southern laws aimed at controlling freedmen

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21
Q

Freedmens bureau

A

people freed from slavery
had the task of feeding and clothing war refugees in the south using surplus army supplies
helped them find work

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22
Q

Carpetbagger

A

northerners who moved south to gain political power

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23
Q

scalawag

A

southerner who supported Republican Reconstruction

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24
Q

Graft

A

the acquisition of money in dishonest ways

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25
Q

Sharecropper

A

farmer who works another’s land and pays rent in crops

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26
Q

Klu Klux Klan

A

started by former confederate soldiers
targeted African Americans, white republicans, carpetbaggers
outlawed by Grant in 1870

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27
Q

Grant’s Administration

A

showed lack of political experience in first time

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28
Q

Whiskey Ring

A

Grants secretary was accused of the large tax evasion scandal

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29
Q

Panic of 1873

A

many banks went bankrupt suddenly, caused mass hysteria

caused a depression

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30
Q

Compromise of 1877

A

Democrats agreed to let Rutherford B Hayes win the election if a democrat got to be postmaster general

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31
Q

Robert E Lee

A

From Virginia
top officers of the army
offered services to the confederacy

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32
Q

Wade-Davis Bill

A

compromise between the moderates and the radicals

blocked by Lincoln

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33
Q

Thomas Jackson (Stonewall)

A

saved the confederate army at the battle of Bull Run

became one of the confederate army’s most effective commanders

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34
Q

Ulysses S Grant

A

began to seize control of two rivers

this cut Tennessee in two and provided the union with a river route deep into confederate territory

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35
Q

Military Life

A

tasteless food
diseases
no blankets
barefoot

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36
Q

Economy

A

North (Union) - good, factories

South (Confederates) bad, plantations

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37
Q

Placer Mining

A

The method if extracting mineral ore by hand using simple tools (the surface)

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38
Q

Quartz Mining

A

The method of extracting minerals that involves digging beneath the surface

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39
Q

Comstock Lode

A

vein of silver discovered in 1859 by Henry Comstock in Nevada

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40
Q

Boom & Bust Towns

A

towns sprang up around mineral discoveries

would appear and disappear when deposits dried up

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41
Q

Open Range

A

Large areas of grassland owned by the federal government

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42
Q

The Start of Ranching

A

Large companies bought up open range for private use

used barbed wire and cattle branding

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43
Q

Homestead Act

A

Passed in 1867 to attract people to the great plains
For $10, an application for a piece of land was submitted
Live there for 5 years, it became the owners

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44
Q

Life in the Great Plains

A

lack of trees for building
lack of water
hot summers (wildfires and locusts)
cold winter (blizzards)

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45
Q

Commercial Farming

A

companies used steel plows, seed drills and reapers to grow large quantities of food

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46
Q

Dakota Sioux Uprising

A

agreed to live on the reservation in exchange for annual payments
money was stolen and never given
They revolted and left the reservation
were caught and executed

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47
Q

Lakota Sioux Uprsising

A

last tribes to refuse to move

cleared out miners and caused the US to send more troops to the Great Plains

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48
Q

Sand Creek Massacre

A

Native Americans were raiding wagon trains and mining camps

if surrendered, food and protection would be provided

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49
Q

Assimilation

A

to be absorbed

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50
Q

Dawes Act

A

Alloted to each head of household 160 acres of reservation land for farming
singles adults received 80 acres and children received 40 acres

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51
Q

dry farming

A

allowed crops to thrive on plains

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52
Q

Long Drive

A

cattle’s journey to a railroad depot

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53
Q

Republican Reforms

A

Repealed the Black Codes

established state hospitals and rebuilt roads and bridges

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54
Q

Bonanza Farms

A

wheat farms that covered up to 50000 acres

formed companies, made large investments in property and equipment , and hired laborers as needed

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55
Q

Wheat Belt

A

Area from Dakotas to Kansas

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56
Q

Industry Increase

A

America became a leading industrial nation after the civil war
Gross National Product was 8 times greater by 1914 than before the war

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57
Q

Gross National Product

A

Total value of all goods and services produced by a country

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58
Q

Reasons for Industrialization

A 
Abundance of natural resources 
Discovery of oil 
Large workforce
Free Enterprise System
New Inventions
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59
Q

Laissez Faire Economics

A

The government should’nt interfere with the economy unless private property or national peace are violated

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60
Q

Entrepreneurs

A

people who risk their own money to start and run a business

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61
Q

Alexander Graham Bell

A

Scottish immigrant invented the telephone

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62
Q

Thomas Edison

A

Researcher and Scientist improved and invented the phonograph, battery and light bulb

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63
Q

refrigeration

A

icebox invented by Thaddeus Lowe

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64
Q

Fashion

A

The US used standard sizes to issue uniforms in the war which inspired textile companies
Clothes and Shoes were produced at a rapid rate and became cheaper
Catalogs became popular

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65
Q

corporation

A

A company owned by many people but treated as a single person

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66
Q

Stock

A

People can buy shares of a company

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67
Q

stockholders

A

people who own stocks

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68
Q

Economy of scale

A

making lots of goods cheaply

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69
Q

Operating costs

A

paying wages, shipping charges

70
Q

fixed costs

A

rent utilities

71
Q

corporations v Small Businesses

A

C - produces lots of goods cheaply
can operate in poor economic times
S - cant produce as many goods, have to charge more
cant keep running during poor economy

72
Q

industrial working life

A

Performed repetitive tasks on machines, very boring
dirty and dangerous
59 hours at 22 cents per hour

73
Q

Forming Unions

A

workers began to organize to demand better conditions and pay
tactics such as strikes, sitdowns, arbitration were used

74
Q

knights of labor

A

pushed for 8 hour work day and equal pay for women and no child labor

75
Q

AFL

A

8 hour workday only hiring union members by companies

leader- Samuel Gompers

76
Q

industry tactics

A

firing or killing union leaders
blacklists
lockouts
strikebreakers

77
Q

Reasons for European Immigration

A

Job availability, escape from military service and religious persecution

78
Q

Steerage

A

The most basic and cheapest acomodation

79
Q

Ellis Island

A

immigration processing center for immigrants

80
Q

Angel Island

A

Immigration processing center for immigrants arriving on the west coast

81
Q

Nativism

A

A preference for native- born people and a desire to limit immigration

82
Q

American Protective Association

A

founded by Henry Bowers

Main goal was to limit spread of Catholicism

83
Q

Workingman’s Part of California

A

founded by Denis Kearney

To fight Chinese immigration

84
Q

Chinese Exclusion Act

A

Banned all Chinese Immigrants for 10 years in 1882

85
Q

Reasons for migrations to cities

A

social mobility, money, and education prospects

86
Q

Louis Sullivan

A

popularized the skyscraper

87
Q

Frank J Spranger

A

invented the electronic trolley car to allow for mass transmit

88
Q

Tenements

A

Apartment buildings for multiple families

89
Q

political machines

A

Like tammany Hall in NY used immigrants to take and keep power by taking advantage of lower classes

90
Q

Party bosses

A

promised food and jobs to immigrants in exchange for votes

91
Q

The Gilded Age

A

Referred to the exterior wonder and progress of America, but also it’s corruption and poverty at the core

92
Q

Horatio Alger

A

wrote popular rags to riches books that popularized individualism

93
Q

Social Darwinism

A

Survival of the fittest

94
Q

Andrew Carnegie

A

Promoted that the wealthiest Americans must engage in philanthropy

95
Q

Gospel Of Wealth

A

embraced social darwinism, but said top should pity the bottom

96
Q

Realism in Art

A

attempted to portray things as they are instead of how they should be
Thomas Eakins- famous example

97
Q

Individualism

A

embraced the idea that anyone can rise the top if the try hard enough

98
Q

Reform Darwinism

A

taught that humans were different than animals due to ability to plan
People succeed not due to competition but through cooperation
government should regulate social issues to solve poverty

99
Q

Edward Bellamy

A

wrote looking backward

100
Q

Naturalism

A

belief that humans failed in life simply because of lack of chances
Leaving business alone doesn’t lead to best outcomes

101
Q

Social Gospel

A

began by Washington Gladden to push for reform

102
Q

YMCA and Salvation Army

A

created by church reformers

103
Q

The Great Migration

A

During World War I, the prospect ofemployment and greater freedomsspurred the “Great Migration” of AfricanAmericans from the rural South to industrialcities in the North.

104
Q

Langston Hughes

A

One of the most prolific, original, and versatilewriters of the Harlem Renaissance Born in Joplin, Missouri, became a leading voice of the African American experience in the United States

105
Q

Anarchist

A

people who oppose all forms of government.

106
Q

Eugenics

A

is a pseudo-science (or false science) that deals with improving hereditary traits. It emphasized that human inequalities were inherited and warned against breeding the “unfit” or “inferior.”

107
Q

Flapper

A

pical of American women at the time, the flapper—a young, dramatic, stylish, and unconventional woman—personified women’s changing behavior in the 1920s.

108
Q

Scopes Trial

A

outlawed any teaching that denied “the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible,” and taught instead that “man descended from a lower order of animals.”

109
Q

police powers

A

a government’s power to control people and property in the interest of public safety, health, welfare, and morals—had generally been reserved for the state governments

110
Q

speakeasy

A

secret bars where people could purchase alcohol

111
Q

Bohemian

A

The artistic and unconventional lifestyle of neighborhoods that offered young artists and writers new lifestyles.

112
Q

mass media

A

radio, movies, newspapers, and magazines aimed at abroad audience—did more than just entertain

113
Q

Jazz

A

a style of music influenced by Dixieland music and ragtime, with its ragged rhythms and syncopatedmelodies.

114
Q

Emergency Quota Act

A

passed in 1912limited immigration numbers to 3% of current American population

115
Q

fundamentalism

A

wanted a return to traditional, Biblical values

116
Q

The New Morality

A

Glorified youth and personal freedom

117
Q

Carl Sandberg

A

used common speech to glorify the Midwest and the expensive nature of American life

118
Q

Eugene O’ Neill

A

One of the most innovative playwrights

119
Q

Ernest Hemingway

A

served as an ambulance driver in Italy during World War I, was one writer that created “heroic antiheroes”

120
Q

F. Scott Fitzgerald

A

most famous writer of the eraGreat Gatsby

121
Q

Harlem Renaissance

A

centered in Harlem, NYa community that promoted racial pride, artistic development and political participationbecame known as the period where African American culture flowered and flourished

122
Q

Claude McKay

A

Came to NY from JamaicaPoetry focused on racism and segregation in AmericaFamous poems included the Lynching and If We Must Die

123
Q

The Great Migration

A

During World War I, the prospect ofemployment and greater freedomsspurred the “Great Migration” of AfricanAmericans from the rural South to industrialcities in the North.

124
Q

Langston Hughes

A

One of the most prolific, original, and versatilewriters of the Harlem Renaissance Born in Joplin, Missouri, became a leading voice of the African American experience in the United States

125
Q

Marcus Garvey

A

A dynamic black leader from Jamaica, Marcus Garvey, capturedthe imagination of millions of African Americanswith his call for “Negro Nationalism,” which glorifiedthe black culture and traditions of the past.

126
Q

Nationalism

A

Pride in your own country

127
Q

No Man’s Land

A

area between trenches

128
Q

Triple Alliance

A

Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary

129
Q

Triple Entente

A

Russia, Great Britain, France, Serbia

130
Q

Franz Ferdinand

A

Heir to the throne of Austria- Hungary

131
Q

Why did America join the war?

A

Germans were sinking their ships

132
Q

Propaganda

A

To gain American Support during WWI, The British used this to influence the Publics opinion concerning the war

133
Q

Contrabond

A

illegal goods, to prevent food from being shipped to Germany by neutral countries

134
Q

U- boats

A

Germans deployed these agains the British

135
Q

Zimmerman Telegram

A

proposing a German/ Mexican Alliance

136
Q

War Industries Board

A

told factories what they were assigned to produce and the company would then decide what and how much to produce

137
Q

Trench Warfare

A

surprise attacks

digging into trenches

138
Q

Espionage

A

spying to gain government secrets

139
Q

convoy

A

merchant ships and troop transports

140
Q

armistice

A

cease- fire agreement

141
Q

bolshevicks

A

A group of communists

142
Q

Vladimir Lenen

A

Russia signed the Brest Litovsk treaty to end fighting against Germany

143
Q

reparations

A

Germany was forced to pay war damages

144
Q

Stock market

A

system for buying and selling stocks

145
Q

Bull Market

A

long period of rising stock prices

146
Q

Bear Market

A

Long period of falling or stagnat stock prices

147
Q

margin

A

Buying a stock by paying a small cash down payment to s stockbroker

148
Q

Margin Call

A

When a broker makes the buyer repay the loan in full

149
Q

Speculation

A

Buying stock short term to make quick money instead of investing long term

150
Q

installment

A

buying an item on credit with a monthly plan to off the good

151
Q

shanty town

A

a poor section of town consisting of crudely built dwellings

152
Q

Hooverville

A

shantytown nickname

153
Q

Reconstruction

A

gave govt to banks, railroads, and agricultural business

154
Q

Public Works

A

Projects built with public funds for public use

155
Q

relief

A

welfare or aid for the needy

156
Q

foreclosure

A

the bank takes possession from a mortgager because of defaults on payments

157
Q

Bonus Army

A

WWI vets who marched across the country to petition for their bonus wages

158
Q

Causes of the Great Depression

A

uneven distribution of income
economy based on sale of consumer goods not producing them
American companies sold few goods abroad depended on American economy

159
Q

New Deal

A

Name given to bills passed from 1933-1935 to combat the depression

160
Q

polio

A

paralyzing disease

161
Q

social security act

A

required workers and employers to pay tax to provide a monthly stipend for retired people

162
Q

gold standard

A

one ounce of gold equaled a set number of dollars

163
Q

hundred days

A

first period of roosevelt’s presidency

vowed that above all, try something

164
Q

Broker state

A

the government played the mediating role working out conflicts among competing interest groups

165
Q

deficit spending

A

spending burrowed money rather than raising taxes to pay for his programs.

166
Q

Safety Net

A

giving them some security against misfortune through government relief programs

167
Q

Huey Long

A

Democratic senator for Louisiana

founded share our wealth

168
Q

Charles Coughlin (Radio Priest)

A

catholic priest from Detroit
had a nationwide radio program
called for heavier taxes on the wealthy and govt control of banks

169
Q

Francis Townshend

A

retired doctor and author

proposed retirement plan

170
Q

Works Progress Administration

A

hired people to finish large public works projects

US History (2 decks)

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