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Biology > FINAL REVIEW > Flashcards

FINAL REVIEW Flashcards

1
Q

Adaptation

A

An inherited trait that is beneficial to continued existence

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2
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

Occurs when similar evolutionary characteristics develop in populations that are distant from each other geographically

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3
Q

Divergent Evolution

A

Occurs when two species begin at a common point but evolve in distant directions

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4
Q

Vestigial Structures

A

Structures that seem to have no apparent purpose in an organism today

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5
Q

Species

A

A group of individual organisms that interbreed and produce fertile, viable offspring

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6
Q

Hybrid

A

A cross between two species that is infertile. (Liger)

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7
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

occurs when geographical change separates two groups which can lead to development of a new species

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8
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

occurs when a group remains together, but environmental conditions lead to formation of a new species

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9
Q

Gradual Speciation

A

When a new species develops slowly over time at a consistent pace`

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10
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium

A

When a new species develops quickly, then remains unchanged for long periods of time, followed by additional quick change, then stability

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11
Q

Behavioral Isolation

A

type of reproductive isolation that occurs when a specific behavior or lack of one prevents reproduction from taking place

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12
Q

Habitat Isolation

A

Reproductive isolation resulting when populations of a species move or are moved to a new habitat, taking up residence in a place that no longer overlaps with the other populations of the same species

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13
Q

Natural Selection

A

Reproduction of individuals with favorable genetic traits that survive environmental change because of those traits, leading to evolutionary change

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14
Q

Reproductive Isolation

A

Situation that occurs when a species is reproductively independent from other species; this may be brought about by behavior, location, or reproductive barriers

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15
Q

Speciation

A

Formation of a new species

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16
Q

Prezygotic barrier

A

Reproductive isolation mechanism that occurs before zygote formation

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17
Q

Postzygotic Barrier

A

Reproductive isolation mechanism that occurs after zygote formation

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18
Q

Variation

A

Genetic differences among individuals in a population

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19
Q

Adaptive Evolution

A

Increase in frequency of beneficial alleles and decrease in deleterious alleles due to selection

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20
Q

Allele Frequency

A

Rate at which a specific allele appears within a population

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21
Q

Bottleneck Effect

A

Magnification of genetic drift as a result of natural events or catastrophes

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22
Q

Founder Effect

A

Event that initiates an allele frequency change in part of the population, which is not typical of the original population (Mormons)

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23
Q

Gene flow

A

Flow of alleles in and out of a population due to the migration of individuals or gametes

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24
Q

Gene Pool

A

All of the alleles carried by all of the individuals in the population

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25
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Effect of chance on a population’s gene pool

26
Q

Genetic Variance

A

Diversity of alleles and genotypes in a population

27
Q

Inbreeding

A

Mating of closely related individuals

28
Q

Macroevolution

A

Broader scale of evolutionary changes seen of paleontological time

29
Q

Microevolution

A

changes in a population’s genetic structure

30
Q

Nonrandom Mating

A

Changes in a population’s gene pool due to mate choice or other forces that cause individuals to mate with certain phenotypes more than others

31
Q

Population Genetics

A

Study of how selective forces change the allele frequencies in a population over time

32
Q

Population Variation

A

Distribution of phenotypes in a population

33
Q

Sexual Dimorphism

A

Phenotypic difference between the males and femailes of a population

34
Q

Ecology

A

The study of interactions of organisms with their environment

35
Q

Organism

A

One living thing

36
Q

Population

A

Group of one species in one place at one time

37
Q

Community

A

All living things in one area at one time

38
Q

Ecosystem

A

All living and non-living things in one place at one time

39
Q

Biotic

A

Living

40
Q

Abiotic

A

Non-living

41
Q

Endemic Species

A

Species naturally found only in a small area and nowhere else on the planet

42
Q

Greenhouse Effect

A

Increase in average global temperatures due to gases trapping radiation energy from the sun in our atmosphere

43
Q

Demography

A

The study of changes in populations over time

44
Q

Dispersal Patterns

A

Uniform, random, and clumped

45
Q

Fecundity

A

Potential reproductive capacity of an individual withing a population

46
Q

Exponential Growth

A

Rapid reproduction due to unlimited resources and no predation/competition

47
Q

Carrying Capacity (K)

A

Maximum number of individuals in a population that a particular environment can support

48
Q

K-Selected Species

A

Species suited to stable environments that produce a few, relatively large offspring and provide parental care

49
Q

R-Selected Species

A

Species suited to changing environments that produce many offspring and provide little or no parental care

50
Q

Symbiosis

A

A close connection between two different species of organisms over a long period of time

51
Q

Mutualism Symbiosis

A

Symbiosis where both species benefit from the interaction

52
Q

Commensalism Symbiosis

A

Symbiosis where one species benefits and the other is unaffected by the interaction

53
Q

Parasitism Symbiosis

A

Symbiosis where one species benefits and the other species is harmed from the interaction

54
Q

Invasive Species

A

Non-native species that often do not have a natural predator in the new environment to which they’ve been introduced

55
Q

Food Chains

A

Linear representation of a chaing of primary producers, primary consumers, and higher level consumers used to describe ecosystem structure and dynamics

56
Q

Biological Magnification

A

Increasing concentrations of persistent, toxic substances in organisms at each trophic level, from the primary roducers to the apex consumers

57
Q

Primary Producer

A

Trophic level that obtains its energy from sunlight, inorganic chemicals, or dead and/decaying organic material

58
Q

Primary Consumer

A

Trophic level that obtains its energy from the primary producers of an ecosystem

59
Q

Secondary Consumer

A

Usually a carnivore that eats primary consumers

60
Q

Tertiary Consumer

A

Carnivore that eats other carnivores

61
Q

Apex Consumer

A

Organism at the top of the food chain

62
Q

Biodiversity

A

Variety of a biological system, typically conceived as the number of species, but also applying to genes, biochemistry, and ecosystems

Biology (1 decks)

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