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Anthropology > final review > Flashcards

final review Flashcards

1
Q

economy

A

organized system for meeting basic needs

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2
Q

kinship

A

marriage, mating, descent, relatives

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3
Q

religion

A

belief in supernatrual beings and/or powers ritual: rites of passage and others

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4
Q

foraging:

A

small, mobile groups; hunting gathering, fishing

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5
Q

foraging work load

A

20 hrs/week getting food and 20 hours/week for all other work

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6
Q

what are foragers gender roles?

A

flexible and integrated

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7
Q

what are the foragers large scale changes to the environment?

A

fire and management increase biodiversity, productivity

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8
Q

horticulture

A

crop production using simple hand tools (no plow, irrigation, or intensive preparation

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9
Q

work load for horticulture

A

20 hrs/wk for getting food and 30 hrs/wk for all other work

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10
Q

gender roles for horticulture

A

women frequently control resources, have high status

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11
Q

large scale changes produced with horticulture’s

A

fire and frequent cultivation which increases biodiversity, productivity

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12
Q

pastoralism

A

economy based on breeding, herding animals

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13
Q

pastoralism work load

A

20 hrs/wk for getting food and 30 for all other work

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14
Q

gender roles in the pastoralism economy

A

typically male dominant

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15
Q

large scale changes to environment in pastoralism

A

fire and grazing maintain biodiverse grasslands unless overgrazed

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16
Q

agriculture

A

crop production in prepared permanent plots

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17
Q

agriculture work load

A

50+ hrs/wk getting food

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18
Q

gender role for agriculture

A

typically male dominant

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19
Q

agriculture large scale changes to the environment

A

tradition ag. can increase biodiversity, long term productivity. industrial ag. decreases biodiversity, long term productivity

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20
Q

economic systems

A

a cultures organized arrangement for producing, distributing, and consuming goods

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21
Q

productive resources

A

land and water: systems of ownership

technology: production and use of necessary tools
labor: division by gender, age, specialization

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22
Q

three categories of gender and labor

A

flexible/integrated pattern, dual sex configuration, and segregated

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23
Q

Flexible pattern

A

gender neutral tasks, children treated the same, equal time around males and females. foragers, horticulturalist, some industrial and post industrial

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24
Q

dual sex configuration

A

seperat but equal. some horticulturalist (women control property, produce most of the food)

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25
Q

segregated

A

almost all work is strictly men or female. children spend little time around males. often patriarchal; womens work unervalued. pastoral, agriculture, most industrial societies

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26
Q

labor and age, foragers

A

children and elderly do little work, adult work highly skilled, full expertise at 35 y.o

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27
Q

labor and age; everyone else

A

children start work at 6 or 7, are net contributers to household by age 11 or 12; elderly work till they cant.

28
Q

three ways of distribution and exchange

A

reciprocity, redistribution, market exchange

29
Q

reciprocity

A

gift creates debt, exchange items of equal value. barter, trade, prestige economy

30
Q

redistribution

A

collect goods, count and reallocate. often includes both distribution and consumption

31
Q

market exchange

A

but and sell, supply and demand. barter, trade or monetized

32
Q

three types of reciprocity

A

generalized, balanced and negative

33
Q

generalized reciprocity

A

value of items not calculated, time of repayment not specified. foragin societies; meat sharing

34
Q

balanced resiprocity

A

value and timing specified.horticulture and pastoral societies.

35
Q

negative reciprocity

A

get item as cheap as possible. dominant in open market exchange

36
Q

marriage universals

A

universal aspects related to biology, a set of rules to manage sexuality, establishes a group with adult males who provide for their own children, incest avoidance, establishes family allisnces, kinship networks

37
Q

most common form of marriage

A

monogamy: pair of spouses

38
Q

most preferred form of marriage

A

polygyny: one male, multiple women

39
Q

what is polyandry

A

one female, multiple men

40
Q

what is polygynandry

A

group marriage

41
Q

four types of households

A

nuclear, extended, polygamous, non traditional

42
Q

nuclear

A

parent and children; 25% worldwide. industrial and foraging economies

43
Q

extended

A

2 or more related nuclear families, often multigernerational; 48% worldwide. traditional ag., horticultural and pastoral

44
Q

polygamous

A

type of extended; 22% worldwide

45
Q

non-traditional

A

solo, single parent…; 5% worldwide. high economic independence and mobility

46
Q

why do anthropologist care about households and marriage?

A

marriage is cultural side of kinship, kinship is the basic organizing principle for all societies, kinship is the most common form of human social organization beyond family

47
Q

matrilinenal descent

A

descent is traced through female line.

48
Q

patrilineal descent

A

descent is traced through male line

49
Q

bilateral descent

A

descent derives from both male and female line about equally

50
Q

what is lineage?

A

a unilineal descent group that traces descent from a single common ancestor

51
Q

grouping by social status; egalitarian society

A

everyone has about equal rank, access to and power over resources. most forager and horticultures

52
Q

grouping by social class; stratified society

A

people are divided into ranked social strate and do not share equal access to resources.

53
Q

political organization; uncentralized

A

leaders lack real power.

54
Q

political organization; centralized

A

leaders have real power (cheif or government)

55
Q

Shaman

A

part time ritual specialist who enters an altered state of consciousness to acquire knowledge and help from an alternate reality.

56
Q

three parts of the shamans journey

A

preperation and departure, the other world, return and aftermath.

57
Q

priest and priestesses

A

full time religious specialist, recognized for role in guiding ritual and interacting with supernatural

58
Q

functions of religions

A

provide a model for the universe, provide hope and reduce anxiety about unknown, face inevitable suffering and death, reinforce group norms and codes of conduct, ideological- reflects, reinforces and naturalizes social relationships and power structures

59
Q

ritual

A

a prescribed set of behaviors repeated at particular times and often in specific setting by which participants interact with the supernatural

60
Q

rites of passage

A

rituals making transitions between stages of life.

61
Q

three part structure of rites of passage

A

seperation from society, transition, reincorporation into society in new role

62
Q

modernization

A

political and socioeconomic change in which a group acquires cultural characteristics of western industrialized societies

63
Q

globalization

A

worldwide interconnectedness, evidences in movement of natural resources, trade goods, human labor, capital, information and disease

64
Q

syncretism

A

incorporation of aspects of one culture or religion into another culture or religious system

65
Q

revitalization movements

A

seek radical cultural change in response to stress

66
Q

roles of anthropology in modernization and globalization

A

promote multiculturalism, reduce ethnocentism, effective communication across cultural boundaries, examine global power relationships, understand cultural aspects of global problems, understand cultural reactions to rapid change

67
Q

contributions of anthropology

A

communication and respect for cultural differences, comparative perspective-use all of human experience to understand and solve problems, historical perspective- use all of human history to understand and solve problems, integrated perspective- view interconnected problems and potential solutions in complex context.

Anthropology (2 decks)

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