Final: Week 3 VOCAB

Question 1

What is the neural pathway responsible for the voluntary control of movement?

Answer 1

Direct motor pathway

Question 2

What is the neural pathway that modulates and refines voluntary movements initiated by the direct pathway?

Answer 2

Indirect motor pathway

Question 3

What is the functional unit of the motor system, consisting of a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates?

Answer 3

Motor unit

Question 4

What is the long, thin, tubular bundle of nerves that extends from the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column?

Answer 4

Spinal cord

Question 5

What is the organ of the central nervous system responsible for processing sensory information and controlling behavior and movement?

Answer 5

Brain

Question 6

What are a group of nuclei in the brain that are involved in voluntary motor control, procedural learning, and cognitive functions?

Answer 6

Basal ganglia (nuclei)

Question 7

What is the part of the brain that plays a role in motor control, balance, coordination, and some cognitive functions?

Answer 7

Cerebellum

Question 8

What are the neurons that originate in the motor cortex of the brain and carry motor information down to the spinal cord or brainstem?

Answer 8

Upper motor neurons

Question 9

What are the neurons that connect the central nervous system to the muscles and are responsible for carrying motor commands to the muscles?

Answer 9

Lower motor neurons

Question 10

What is the term for abnormally decreased reflexes?

Answer 10

Hyporeflexia

Question 11

What is the term for abnormally increased reflexes?

Answer 11

Hyperreflexia

Question 12

What is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, leading to muscle weakness and paralysis?

Answer 12

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Question 13

What is the abnormal reflex response in which the big toe moves upward (extends) when the sole of the foot is stimulated, often indicating a central nervous system disorder?

Answer 13

Babinski sign

Question 14

What is the medication used to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) by reducing the release of glutamate?

Answer 14

Riluzole

Question 15

What are the structures that make up the lentiform nucleus in the basal ganglia, involved in motor control?

Answer 15

Globus pallidus, putamen, and caudate nucleus

Question 16

What is the term for the caudate nucleus and putamen together, which form the input nucleus of the basal ganglia?

Answer 16

Striatum

Question 17

What is the term for the globus pallidus and putamen together, which form the output nucleus of the basal ganglia?

Answer 17

Lenticular nucleus

Question 18

What is a neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement, characterized by tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with walking and coordination?

Answer 18

Parkinson’s disease (PD)

Question 19

What is a hereditary disorder that causes progressive degeneration of nerve cells in the brain, leading to uncontrolled movements, cognitive decline, and psychiatric symptoms?

Answer 19

Huntington’s disease (HD)

Question 20

What is a neurological disorder characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements and vocalizations called tics?

Answer 20

Tourette syndrome

Question 21

What are disorders that affect mood, behavior, and cognition, such as depression, anxiety disorders, and schizophrenia?

Answer 21

Psychiatric disorders

Question 22

What are examples of psychiatric disorders characterized by distorted thinking, hallucinations, delusions, and/or compulsive behaviors?

Answer 22

Schizophrenia/OCD

Question 23

What is the term for a lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movements, often affecting gait, speech, and eye movements?

Answer 23

Ataxia