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Cardiovascular > Finals > Flashcards

Finals Flashcards

1
Q

What is preload?

A

End-diastolic volume

-volume in the atria after filling

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2
Q

What are the two heart sounds?

Name the values

A 
S1 = AV values closing
S2= Semilunar valves closing
AV = mitral and tricuspid
Semilunar = Pulmonic/aortic 
S3 = passive ventricular filling (rapid)
S4= atrial contraction (active ventricular filling)
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3
Q

What is isovolumetric contraction?

A

increase in ventricular pressure but ventricular volume is the same
-occurs when the ventricles continue to contract with the closed AV valves

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4
Q

What is end systolic volume?

A

Not all ventricular volume is ejected, this is what remains which is around 40-50% (systolic reserve volume)

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5
Q

What is the dicrotic notch?

A

closure of aortic valve and dissipation of elastic energy from aorta

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6
Q

When is rapid filling phase and what is it?

A

When the blood flows from the atria to the ventricles marking the onset of diastole

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7
Q

When are the additional heart sounds heard?

S3 and S4?

A

During diastole

S3 after S2 and S4 just before S1

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8
Q

What is the difference between a high pitch murmur and a low pitch murmur?

A

High pitch - regurgitation murmur

Low pitch - ejection murmur

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9
Q

What signs do you get with left congestive heart failure?

A

Pulmonary oedema

Pulmonary congestion

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10
Q

Where do dogs commonly get pulmonary oedema?

A

dog: caudo-dorsal lobes
cat: unpredicatable

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11
Q

How can you spot pulmonary congestion?

A

Enlarged veins

- veins are ventral and central

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12
Q

What signs do you see in right sided congestive heart failure?

A

Ascites, hepatomegaly, pleural effusion - more common in cats

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13
Q

Name some causes of cardiac dilation on the left side?

A 
DCM
DMVD
PDA
VSD
Aortic stenosis
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14
Q

Name some causes of cardiac dilation of the right side?

A

Pulmonic stenosis
tricuspid insufficiency
Pulmonic hypertension (eg resp disease)
VSD

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15
Q

What causes generalised hypertrophy of the heart?

A

Anaemia
athleticism
PPD hernia
hypervolaemia

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16
Q

What are the breed variations for heart sizes?

A 
Springer: round
Brachycephalics: round
Retrievers: broad
Dobermans: upright and straight
Setters: tall and slim
17
Q

Name pathlogical causes of murmurs in large animals

A 
Valve degeneration (endocarditis)
bacterial endocarditis
valve prolapse
ruptured chordae tendinae
valve regurgitation secondary to ventricular dilation
18
Q

Name some non-pathological causes of murmurs in LA:

A

physiological flow murmurs (fit and healthy)

functional valve regurg –> aortic, tricuspid, mitral

19
Q

What animals do you usually see functional valve regurgitation?

A

Horses - usually mitral and tricuspid

20
Q

What is the treatment and prognosis for bacterial endocarditis?

A

Broad spec antibiotics and there is guarded prognosis (permanent damage to valve)

21
Q

What are haematology results for bacterial endocarditis?

A

hyperfibrinogenaemia, anaemia and leukocytosis

22
Q

What is aortic regurgitation usually due to and when it is during the cardiac cycle?

A

Due to subclinical endocardiosis (degeneration)
Holodiastolic

Old horses

23
Q

When in the cycle are mitral and tricuspid regurgitation heard and what is the shape of the murmur like?

A

Systolic murmurs and both plateau

24
Q

How would you diagnose a valve prolapse?

A

Echocardiography

25
Q

Which valve does ruptured chordae tendinae usually affect and what is the prognosis for this?

A

Mitral valve

severe regurgitation can cause sudden death

26
Q

What shape are ventricular septal defects in LA and how common is it in LA?

A

most common congenital defect and the shape is a diagonal murmur

  1. RHS murmur
    - LV to RV shunt
    - holo-pansystolic
    - plateau
  2. LHS
    - due to RV overload (functional pulmonic stenosis)
    - holo-pansystolic
    - crescendo - decrescendo (diamond)

-intensity inversely proportional to size of defect

27
Q

What type of murmur is a PDA?

A

Continuous murmur (like washing machine)

28
Q

How do you diagnose cardiomyocyte death related to arrhythmias?

A 
Cardiac troponin I
Creatine kinase (CK)
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
29
Q

What does NT-proBNP measure?

A

Cardiac wall stress/dilation - >700

30
Q

What is fractional shortening?

A

Determining the difference between ventricle diameter at systole and diastole - shows how well the ventricles are contracting
Dogs and cats: 25-40%

31
Q

Is fractional shortening reduced in DCM?

A

Fractional shortening is reduced at

Cardiovascular (1 decks)

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