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Health Semester 1 2013 > First Aid > Flashcards

First Aid Flashcards

0
Q

What are the different types of rescue breathing?

A

Mouth to mouth, mouth to mask, mouth to nose, mouth to mouth and nose, and mouth to neck stoma.

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1
Q

What does DRSABCD stand for and mean?

A

D-anger-check for hazards/risks/safety.

R-esponse- check for response. Use COWS.
C-an you hear me?
O-pen your eyes?
W-hat’s your name?
S-qeeze my hand.
If there is one response and the victim is unconscious then…..

S-end for help-call triple zero (000)

A-irway-open the airway and look for Signs of Life.
Look, listen and feel for breathing and rise and fall of chest. Check for coughing or any movement.

B-reaths-give two initial breaths if the victim is not breathing normally. If the victim begins to breathe normally after these initial rescue breaths, then place them into the recovery position and monitor them. If there are still no signs of life, commence CPR.

C-ompressions-give 30 chest compressions followed by two breaths and repeat 5 times. Continue CPR until a qualified person arrives and takes over.

D-efibrillation- attach an Automatic External Defibrillator as soon as available and follow its prompts.

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2
Q

What are the recuses breath techniques for adults?

A 
Head Tilt: Full
Breath Size: Rise and fall of the chest
Compression Depth: 1/3 depth of chest
Compression Point: Visual-centre of the chest
Compression Method: 2 hands
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3
Q

What are the recuses breath techniques for children?

A 
Head Tilt: Full
Breath Size: Rise and fall of the chest
Compression Depth: 1/3 depth of chest
Compression Point: Visual-centre of the chest
Compression Method: 1-2 hands
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4
Q

What are the recuses breath techniques for infants?

A 
Head Tilt: Neutral
Breath Size: Rise and fall of the chest
Compression Depth: 1/3 depth of chest
Compression Point: Visual-centre of the chest
Compression Method: 2 fingers
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5
Q

What does CPR stand for, what is CPR and what is it used for?

A

Cardiovascular Pulmonary Resuscitation

CPR is the technique of rescue breathing combined with chest compressions. The purpose of CPR is to temporarily maintain a circulation sufficient to preserve brain function until specialised treatment is available.

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6
Q

CPR should be continued until….

A

Signs of Life return
Qualified help arrives and takes over
It is impossible to continue
Danger returns

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7
Q

What does CPR involve?

A

30 compressions and 2 breaths, 5 cycles in 2 minutes, almost 2 compressions per second.

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8
Q

Is vomiting involuntary or voluntary? Chunky or not?

A

Voluntary and chunky good sign that something is working.

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9
Q

Is regurgitation involuntary or voluntary?

A

Involuntary and frothy bad sign

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10
Q

What is chocking? What are the severities?

A

Chocking can be present in a conscious or unconscious casualty.

It can vary in severity.

Mild obstruction-breathing is laboured and may be noisy, some air can escape.

Severe obstruction- may be efforts of breathing, no sound of breathing, no escape of air from nose or mouth.

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11
Q

What do you make the causality do if you want to determine the severity of a foreign object?

A

To see if there is an effective or ineffective cough.

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12
Q

If there is an effective cough there is a what obstruction? And what do you do?

A

A mild airway obstruction. You can give reassurance and encourage the casualty to keep coughing, if obstruction is not relieved call 000.

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13
Q

If there is an ineffective cough there is a what obstruction? And what do you do?

A

Severe airway obstruction. Conscious victim- call 000 and perform 5 sharp back blows using the heel of your hand between their shoulder blades. Check for the removal of obstruction between each back blow. If back blows are unsuccessful, perform up to 5 chest thrusts. If object is still not relieved, continue to alternate between chest thrusts and back blows.

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14
Q

What and how do you do a chest thrust?

A

Use the CPR compression point and do it like CPR but use sharper force at a slower rate check for removal of obstruction between each thrust.

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15
Q

For pregnant woman what tilt do you use and why?

A

The left lateral tilt. Because the foetus compresses a major blood vessel (the inferior vena cava). Can be minimised by sufficient padding under the right buttock.

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16
Q

In the secondary server we are looking for?

A

Bleeding
Burns
Fractures
Other things-Signs and Symptoms

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17
Q

What assessment do we need to do in the secondary survey?

A

DOLOR

Description
-Ask the casualty to describe the problem

Onset and Duration
-Ask the casualty when the problem arose and how it has progressed

Location
-Ask the casualty where on the body the problem is

Other Signs and Symptoms

  • Signs: things you can see
  • Symptoms: things the casualty can feel
  • Do you notice any other signs?
  • Is the casualty aware of any other symptoms?

Relief
-Has anything provided relief? Eg. Rest, position, or medication.

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18
Q

Assessing a conscious/unconscious casualty. What type of examination do you do?

A

Head to toe examination.

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19
Q

Assessing a conscious/unconscious casualty. What did you do in the head to toe examination?

A

Head

  • look and feel for bleeding and bumps
  • check for fluid discharge from ears and nose
  • check the eyes for any signs of injuries

Neck
-look at and feel the back of the neck gently For tenderness and irregularities. If there any concerns of potential spinal injuries, do not move the victim, unless they become unresponsive or are in immediate life threatening danger.

Back/Chest/Abdomen

  • ask a responsive victim to inhale deeply and see if it causes discomfort
  • look at and feel the chest, back and abdomen for irregularities and tenderness

Limbs

  • look for an injury and/or deformity
  • check from the extremities moving toward the trunk, feeling for irregularities
  • check for altered strength and sensation
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20
Q

When there are multiple causalities, who do you attend to first?

A

The unconscious. If no unconscious, order them in severity.

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21
Q

What does triage mean?

A

It means to prioritise casualties in order of urgency of management.

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22
Q

What is fainting caused by? Is it worse or not as worse as shock?

A

Fainting is caused by an inadequate blood supply to the brain. It’s reduced in severity compared to shock.

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23
Q

What is shock caused by? Is it worse or not as worse as fainting?

A

Shock is caused y a lack of oxygen supply to the vital organs. It is more severe than fainting.

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24
Q

What are some of the causes of fainting?

A

Prolonged periods of standing
Emotional distress
Low fluids or food

25
Q

What are some of the causes of shock?

A 
Heart failure
Inadequate blood volume/blood loss
External or internal bleeding 
Leaky or dilated blood vessels
Inadequate oxygen supply
26
Q

What does blood carry?

A

Oxygen

27
Q

With shock, the body responds by…

A

Vasoconstriction (constriction on blood vessels around the heart)
Increased heart rate
Increased breathing rate

28
Q

What are the symptoms of fainting/shock?

A 
-tingling (poor circulation)
• light-headedness, dizziness
• nausea
• pale, cold clammy skin
• brief period of unresponsiveness (1 to 2 minutes)
• rapid, weak pulse & Rapid, shallow breathing
• altered responsiveness
• thirst
• weakness
• collapse
29
Q

How do you manage fainting and shock?

A 
Primary survey
• lay patient down with legs elevated
• treat cause, if possible (i.e. bleeding)
• reassurance
• monitor & record vital signs
• provide oxygen, if able
• maintain thermal comfort
• seek medical assistance
30
Q

easiest way to remember the treatment of Fainting or Shock is:

A

If the face is pale raise the tail,
If the face is red raise the head,
If the face is blue they’re almost through

31
Q

What do Arteries do?

A

carry oxygenated blood through the body from the heart to all other organs

32
Q

What do Veins do?

A

carry the carbon dioxide rich blood from the organs to the heart

33
Q

What do Capillaries do?

A

are the smallest blood vessels where the exchange of the O2 to CO2 happens

34
Q

What happens when you can an Artery?

A
  • rapid & profuse (usually spurts)

* bright red

35
Q

What happens when you can a vein?

A
  • flows from wound at steady rate

* dark red

36
Q

What happens when you can a capillary?

A

• gently oozes from wound

37
Q

What is an abrasion?

A

Abrasions

• scrapes on the surface of the skin with damage to small capillaries

38
Q

What does blood consist of?

A

Plasma (50-60%) - contains salts, sugar, etc
Red blood cells (40-50%) - contain haemoglobin to carry oxygen
White blood cells - fight infection
Platelets - clotting agents

39
Q

What are lacerations/incision?

A

Lacerations & Incisions
• cuts, usually caused by sharp objects such as a knife or piece of glass
• lacerations have ragged edges
• incisions have smooth edges

40
Q

What is an Avulsion?

A

• where a flap of skin and/or flesh has been totally or partially removed

41
Q

What is a puncture wound?

A

• occurs when a sharp, pointy object has penetrated the flesh

42
Q

What is an embedded object?

A

Embedded Object

• wound with an embedded object still in place

43
Q

What is an amputation?

A

Amputation

• occurs when a body part has been severed

44
Q

What are minor wound?

A

Superficial (occurring at the surface)
Small surface areas (<2.5 cm)
Bleeding ceases (stops) quickly

45
Q

When do you seek medical attention for a wound?

A

there is any doubt about the severity of the wound
• the wound cannot be easily cleaned
• infection is a concern (there is a greater risk of infection with large abrasions)
• stitches may be required
• tetanus immunisation may be necessary

46
Q

What is the management for wounds?

A

wash in clean, running water
• clean thoroughly, take special care with large abrasions to ensure any debris is removed
• dry using sterile gauze
• cover with a clean dressing

47
Q

With Avulsions, what do you do, and do you remove the flap of skin?

A

flap of skin should not be removed unless it’s very small

• large flaps of skin or appendages should be returned to normal position before applying the sterile dressing / bandage

48
Q

What do you do with nose bleeds?

A

Nose bleeds may occur as a result of a direct trauma or may occur spontaneously.

Management
• ask the patient to firmly squeeze the fleshy part of the nose, below the bone
• position the patient sitting upright, with their head slightly forward
• ask the patient to breathe through their mouth and avoid swallowing any blood (can cause vomiting)
• seek medical aid if the bleeding time exceeds 10 minutes
It is best not to apply pressure to a suspected broken nose

49
Q

What is the management for major wounds?

A

P.E.R. Pressure Elevation Rest

Management
• conduct a primary survey & act accordingly
• apply direct pressure to the wound site
• apply a sterile dressing, followed by a pad & bandage where possible
• elevate injured site if possible
• call the ambulance (if required)
• keep patient still and reassure them
• monitor vital signs and treat for shock if required
• provide supplemental oxygen (if available)
• seek medical attention (if required)

If bleeding continues through the pad:
• apply another pad and bandage (over the original pad and bandage)
• continue to apply direct pressure

50
Q

A puncture wound is?

A

a major wound

With a deep puncture wound, even though external bleeding may be minimal, there is a risk that internal organs may have been damaged.
There is also a high risk of infection so medical aid should be sought.

51
Q

A embedding object and its management is….

A

Sometimes objects are embedded at the wound site. Where possible, these objects should be left in place. Attempting to remove the object can cause further damage and can exacerbate the bleeding.

Management
• apply pressure to the wound site
• elevate the affected area
• apply a ring/donut bandage around the object
• dress around the wound without applying pressure to the embedded object

52
Q

How do you manage amputation?

A

Following P.E.R

Management of the Severed Part
• wrap the body part in a clean, sterile, non- adhesive dressing if possible
• place the body part in a sealed plastic bag or container
• place the sealed body part in a container of icy water
• do not allow part to come into direct contact with ice or water
• seek urgent medical assistance

53
Q

What does a crash injury involve?

A

A crush injury involves changes in blood, decreased volume of fluid in the blood vessel (hypovolemic shock), and kidney failure.
Generally the patient is protected from these effects until the crush object is released.
Management
ARC guidelines recommend if safe and physically possible, all crushing forces should be removed as soon as possible after the crush injury.
If a crushing force is applied to the head, neck, chest or abdomen and is not removed promptly death may ensue from breathing failure, heart failure or blood loss.
* DO NOT use a tourniquet for the First Aid management of a crush injury *

54
Q

What are the sources of burns?

A 
flames
• hot objects
• hot air
• hot water and steam
• chemicals
• radiation
• electricity
• cold
55
Q

What are the types of burns?

A

Superficial burn
Only the top layer of skin is involved (e.g. sunburn)

Partial Thickness Burn
The top layer and part of the next layer have been burns

Full Thickness Burn
• both outer layers have been damaged, and possibly the subcutaneous tissue being affected
• this can result in damage to fat, muscles, blood vessels and nerve endings

56
Q

Internal bleeding may be suspected, depending on:

A
  • type of trauma the patient has undergone
  • patient’s past medical history (e.g., stomach ulcers)
  • patient has signs and symptoms of shock
  • pain and swelling in the affected area
  • coughing up blood, ‘dark brown’ blood in vomit or excretion of blood from urinary or digestive system
57
Q

How do you manage internal bleeding?

A

seek urgent medical aid
• conduct a primary survey and act accordingly
• lay patient down, if possible, and raise legs slightly
• keep still and reassure
• thermoregulation
• provide supplementary oxygen (if available)
• monitor vital signs
• conduct a secondary survey (if appropriate)
• give nothing by mouth

58
Q

What is anaphylaxis?

A

Anaphylaxis is the most severe form of allergic reaction and is potentially life threatening. It must be treated as a medical emergency, requiring immediate treatment and urgent medical attention.

Anaphylaxis is a generalised allergic reaction, which often involves more than one body system (e.g. skin, respiratory, gastro-intestinal and cardiovascular). A severe allergic reaction or anaphylaxis usually occurs within 20 minutes to 2 hours of exposure to the trigger and can rapidly become life threatening.

59
Q

What is hyperthermia?

A

Hyperthermia means a body temperature that is higher than normal. High body temperatures are often caused by illnesses, such as fever or heat stroke. But hyperthermia can also refer to heat treatment – the carefully controlled use of heat for medical purposes. Here, we will focus on how heat is used to treat cancer.

60
Q

What is hypothermia?

A

Hypothermia is a condition in which core temperature drops below that required for normal metabolism and body functions which is defined as . Body temperature is usually maintained near a constant level of through biologic homeostasis or thermoregulation.

61
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Definition: Homeostasis is the process by which the body attempts to maintain a state of stable physiological balance. The body needs to maintain homeostasis in order to stay alive. If you take a psychoactive drug, your body may attempt to bring itself back into this physiologic balance, and this may create a rebound effect.
Pronunciation: hO-mee-O-stay-sis

Health Semester 1 2013 (2 decks)

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