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Anthroplogy 101 -(CSN 2023 Spring) > First Exam > Flashcards

First Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Goals of Anthropology

A

-Describe, analyze, and explain different cultures.
-Understand the similarities and differences among human cultures.
-Show how diverse human experiences contribute to our survival as a species.
-Understand origins and evolutionary history of humans as a species.

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2
Q

Holistic Approach

A

-Considers cultures, history, language, and biology essential to a complete understanding of society.
-Separates anthropology from other disciplines, which focus on one factor: biology, psychology, physiology, or society, to explain human behavior.
-Anthropology seeks to understand human beings as whole organisms who adapt to their environments through a complex interaction of biology and culture.
-Views cultures as complex systems that cannot be fully understood without attention to their different components; emphasizes the interconnection among multiple dimensions of social life.

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3
Q

Comparative

A

Comparative

Anthropologists consider similarities and differences in as wide a range of human societies as possible before making generalizations about what it means to be human. Requires a continual awareness of the range of variation among human groups across space and time.

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4
Q

Evolutionary

A

Evolutionary

Anthropologists are interested in how humans got to be the way we are today, i.e. human origins, and the genetic variety in living human populations. Anthropologists are also interested in cultural evolution, or patterns of change over time in socially acquired behavior that is not carried in the genes.

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5
Q

Areas of Specialization

A

Areas of Specialization

-Cultural Anthropology
-Linguistic Anthropology
-Archaeology
-Physical Anthropology
-Applied Anthropology

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6
Q

Cultural Anthropology

A

-Society a group of people who interact and cooperate with one another to achieve certain ends.
-The study of human thought, meaning, and behavior that is learned rather than genetically transmitted, and that is typical of groups of people.
-Culture is the learned behaviors and symbols that allow people to live in groups.

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7
Q

Aspects of Cultural Anthropology

A

Ethnography – a description of society or culture.
Ethnology – attempt to find general laws or principles that govern cultural phenomena.

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8
Q

a description of society or culture.

A

Ethnography

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9
Q

attempt to find general laws or principles that govern cultural phenomena.

A

Ethnology

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10
Q

Emic and Etic Perspectives

A

Emic: Describes the organization and meaning a culture’s practices have for its members.
Etic: Tries to determine the causes of particular cultural patterns that may be beyond the awareness of the culture being studied.

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11
Q

study how languages are related to each other.

A

Historical linguists

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12
Q

Linguistic Anthropology

A

Focus on understanding language and its relation to culture.
– Development of language.
– Variation of languages.
– Relationship of language to culture.
– How languages are learned.

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13
Q

Archaeology

A

Study of past cultures through their material remains.
Prehistoric societies are those with no usable written records.
– Artifact - A human-made material remain of a past culture.
* Archaeologists interpret an artifact’s function by precise position in which it was found.

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14
Q

Archaeology: Specialties

A

-Urban archaeology
Archaeological investigation of current-day cities.
-Cultural resource management
Protection and management of archeological, archival, and architectural resources.

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15
Q

Physical Anthropology

A

Study of humans from a biological perspective.
Paleoanthropology: evolution of humankind in the fossil record.
Human variation: Physiological differences among modern humans.
Primatology: Study of non-human primates for clues about the human species.

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16
Q

Applied Anthropology

A

-Develop solutions to present-day social, political, and economic problems in a wide variety of cultural contexts.
Examples:
– Cultural anthropologists have been instrumental in promoting the welfare of tribal and indigenous peoples.
– Archaeologists have helped native populations gain access to land and resources that historically belonged to them.

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17
Q

Indigenous Peoples

A

Groups of people who have occupied a region for a long time and are recognized by other groups as original (or very ancient) inhabitants.
– They are often minorities with little influence in the government of the nation- state that controls their land.

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18
Q

Medical Anthropology

A

A subfield of Cultural Anthropology.
It is concerned with the experience of disease as well as its distribution, prevention, and treatment.

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19
Q

Forensic Anthropology

A

An applied specialty of Biological Anthropology.
Study and identification of skeletalized or badly decomposed human remains.

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20
Q

-Belief that one’s culture is superior to all other cultures.
-Measures other cultures by using one’s own culture as the standard by which all others are judged.
-Can help hold societies together by perpetuating cultural values.
-When a culture loses value for its people, they may experience anomie, a condition where social and moral norms are absent or confused.

A

Ethnocentrism

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21
Q

-The belief that some human populations are superior to others because of inherited, genetically transmitted characteristics.
-Racism can result from the transformation of ethnocentrism.

A

Racism

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22
Q

-Understanding values and customs in terms of the culture of which they are a part.
-Culture should not be judged or evaluated according to the values of another culture.

A

Cultural Relativism

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23
Q

—— may reinforce group solidarity and help perpetuate cultural values.

A

Ethnocentrism

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24
Q

Biological Diversity

A

-Wide diversity in human shapes and colors, low levels of skeletal and blood type diversity.
-People from the same region tend to share more traits than they do with people from distant lands.
-Biopsychological equality - The fact that all human groups have the same biological and mental capabilities.

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25
Q

Racial Classification

A

-Race is socially constructed; it reflects history and social hierarchy.
-No group of humans has ever been sufficiently isolated genetically to separate it from another group.
-Differences between individuals is greater than the sum of differences between groups.
-Humans have an equal capacity for culture.

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26
Q

-Directional change over time.
-Biological evolution is change in the properties of populations of organisms that transcend the lifetime of a single individual.
-The primary way we understand the biological history of humankind.

A

Evolution

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27
Q

-The mechanism of evolutionary change.
-Changes in traits of living organisms that occur over time as a result of differences in reproductive success among individuals.

A

Natural Selection

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28
Q

-Theory formulated by Charles Darwin.
-Changes in living organisms occur over time as a result of reproduction.
-The most convincing scientific explanation of the variety and history of life on earth.

A

Theory of Natural Selection

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29
Q

Natural Selection: Evidence

A

No two living things, even those of the same species, are alike.
* Sources of variation:
– Mutation
–Gene Flow (Sexual reproduction)
–Genetic drift

Few animals survive to reproductive age.
Creatures whose traits make them better able to survive pass the traits that led to their success to their offspring.

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30
Q

Most debate about evolution is

A

religious rather then scientific.
Evolution challenges the literal reading of religious creation stories.
In 1950, the Catholic Church declared evolution compatible with Christianity.

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31
Q

Humans, gorillas and chimpanzees evolved from common ancestors.
All animals are equally evolved in different ways and under different circumstances.
Human ancestors diverged from those of chimpanzees around 7 million years ago.

A

Common Ancestors

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32
Q

Characteristics:
– Share a tree-dwelling (arboreal) ancestry.
– Grasping hands and feet for climbing.
– Hands and feet with fully opposable thumbs.
– Acute eyesight.
– Relatively large brains.

A

Primates

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33
Q

-Core of society is the bond between mothers and their offspring.
-Young primates initially learn by imitating the mother.
-Play is central to the interaction of older primates with their age-mates.
-Primates have displays of aggression and means of reconciliation.

A

Primate Social Behavior

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34
Q

Primate Tool Use

A

Tool use is a learned behavior and is passed along by the social group.
Some tool use examples are:
– Washing food
– Clubs to threaten or defend
– Using hammer stones to break nuts – Termite fishing
– Using leaf sponges

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35
Q

—— is not a common type of reconciliation among non-human primates.

A

Smiling

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36
Q

-Few in number and geographically confined to Africa.
-Did not depend heavily on tools,and left few material remains.
-Spread from African origins to inhabit most of the globe.

A

Early Human Ancestors

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37
Q

In biological classification, a group of similar species.

A

Genus

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38
Q

A group of organisms whose members are similar to one another and are able to reproduce with one another but not with members of other species.

A

Species

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39
Q

Evolution of Humans

A

-Humans have adapted to many different climates and ecosystems.
-All humans are members of the biological family Hominidae.
-Human ancestors and modern-day people fall into two genera: Australopithecus and Homo.

40
Q

Bipedalism

A

: Walking on Two Feet

41
Q

Omnivore

A

An animal that eats both plant and animal foods.

42
Q

-Members of an early hominid genus found in Africa and characterized by bipedal locomotion and small brain size.
-The earliest australopithecines lived between 4.2 and 3.9 million years ago; the most recent lived about 1 million years ago.

A

Australopithecines

43
Q

-A species of early human found in Africa.
-were present between 2.5 and 1.8 million years ago.
Oldowan tools - Sophisticated stone tools.
Stone rings indicate that habilis probably built shelters for protection.

A

Homo Habilis

44
Q

-Found in Africa, Asia, and Europe between 1.8 million and about 300,000 years ago.
-Became increasingly dependent on culture to survive in the Ice Age.
-Made choppers, scrapers, points, and awls from stone.
-Capable of controlling and using fire.
-Lived by hunting, scavenging, and gathering.

A

Homo erectus

45
Q

-A species of human found throughout the world.
-The earliest appeared about 200,000 years ago.

A

Homo sapiens

46
Q

-Members of a population of archaic Homo sapiens.
-Lived between 200,000 and 35,000 years ago.
-Pollen found in graves show bodies were buried with flowers, suggesting rituals and belief in the afterlife.

A

Neanderthals

47
Q

A theory that argues that different populations of Homo sapiens are descendant from different populations of Homo erectus.

A

Multiregional Model

48
Q

The theory that modern people evolved in Africa then spread out to inhabit all the world, out competing or destroying other human populations in the process.

A

Replacement Model

49
Q

A theory that proposes that modern and archaic forms interbred.

A

Hybridization Model

50
Q

Atlatl - A spear thrower; a device used to increase and extend the power of the human arm when throwing a spear.
“Venus” figurines - Small stylized statues of females made in a variety of materials by early modern humans.

A

Homo Sapiens Culture

51
Q

-Human traits change in frequency geographically.
-Blood type and skin color vary geographically.
-Melanin is a pigment found in the skin, hair, and eyes of human beings, and other species, and is responsible for variations in color.
-The sickle-cell gene is common in areas that have a high incidence of malaria.

A

Human Variation

52
Q

The frequency of change of a particular trait as you move geographically from one point to another.

A

Clinal Distribution

53
Q

Anthropologists draw upon what biological evidence to understand the past relationship between ourselves and other living primate groups?

A

DNA
immunology
blood protein
blood-clottingagents

54
Q

-A childhood disease characterized by the softening and bending of leg and pelvic bones.
-Related to insufficient vitamin D and/or Calcium intake.

A

Rickets

55
Q
  1. Cultures are made up of learned behaviors.
  2. All cultures involve the use of symbols.
  3. Cultures are patterned and integrated.
  4. Cultures are shared by members of a group.
  5. Cultures are adaptive.
  6. All cultures are subject to change.
A

Characteristics of Culture

56
Q

Cultural change has accelerated recently due to global technologies and global contact:

A

Transculturation – transformation of adopted cultural traits.

57
Q

Cultures are constantly changing.
Changes comes from within or outside of a culture.
Cultural change can result from:

A

– Innovation – a new variation on an existing cultural pattern.
– Diffusion – the spread of cultural elements from one to another culture through contact.

58
Q

True or False:
An illustration of the plasticity of culture would be the development of a new type of sunscreen to avoid the adverse effects of solar radiation on the human body.

A

True

59
Q

—— is the ability of humans to change their behavior in response to environmental demands.

A

Plasticity is the ability of humans to change their behavior in response to environmental demands.

60
Q

Cultural adaptation has advantages over biological adaptation:

A

– It allows for quicker changes.
– Change can be transmitted through teaching.

61
Q

Disadvantages of cultural adaptation are:

A

– Misinformation may occur.
– Some cultural practices are maladaptive.

62
Q

Human beings also develop and use culture to adapt:
– Adaptation – changes in the biological structure or lifeways of an individual or population by which it becomes better suited to survive.

A

Theoretical approaches that focus on this aspect are
cultural ecology, cultural materialism, neo- evolutionism, and sociobiology.

63
Q

Every culture contains:

A

Values – a culturally-defined idea of what is true, right, and beautiful.

Norms – an ideal cultural pattern than influences behavior in a society

64
Q

Norms are not always followed and values are not always universal. This results in:

A

Subcultures – a system of perceptions, values, beliefs, and customs that are significantly different from those of a larger, dominant culture.
Theoretical approaches focused on this are postmodernism, feminist anthropology, and neo-Marxism.

65
Q

-Societies, like bodies, are integrated systems.
-Society is composed of different elements that change and affect each other.
-Anthropologists who study these relationships between elements of culture are functionalists, ecological functionalists, and neo-Marxists.

A

Culture Is an Integrated System – Or Is It?

66
Q

The process of learning to be a member of a particular cultural group

A

Enculturation

67
Q

A universal human culture is shared by all societies.

A

19th century evolutionism

68
Q

Groups share sets of symbols and practices that bind them into societies.

A

Turn of the century sociology

69
Q

Cultures are the result of the specific histories of the people who share them.

A

American historical particularism

70
Q

Social practices support society’s structure or fill the needs of individuals.

A

Functionalism

71
Q

Culture is the visible expression of underlying genetic coding.

A

Sociobiology

72
Q

Culture is the way humans adapt to the environment and make their lives secure.

A

Cultural ecology and neo- evolutionism

73
Q

Physical and economic causes give rise to cultures and explain changes in them.

A

Ecological materialism

74
Q

Culture is a mental template that determines how members of a society understand their world.

A

Ethnoscience and cognitive anthropology

75
Q

Roles of women and ways societies understand sexuality are central to understanding culture.

A

Anthropology and gender

76
Q

Culture is the way members of a society understand themselves and what gives their lives meaning.

A

Symbolic and interpretive anthropology

77
Q

-The major research tool of cultural anthropology.
-Includes both fieldwork among people in society and the written results of fieldwork.

A

Ethnography

78
Q

-Anthropology began in the late 19th Century as a comparative science.
-Ethnographers concentrated on small-scale, technologically simpler societies.
-Cultures were placed on evolutionary scales of cultural development.
Lewis Henry Morgan and Sir Edward Burnett Tylor.

A

Ethnography in History: Evolutionists

79
Q

-the father of American anthropology, insisted that grasping the whole of a culture could be achieved only through fieldwork.
-Argued that cultures are products of their own history and are unique and particular.
-Insisted that anthropologists free themselves as much as possible from ethnocentrism and practice cultural relativism.
-Tirelessly promoted human rights and justice.

A

Franz Boas

80
Q

-Judging other cultures from the perspective of one’s own culture.
-The notion that one’s own culture is more beautiful, rational, and nearer to perfection than others.

A

Enthnocentrism

81
Q

The notion that cultures should be analyzed with reference to their own histories and values rather than according to the values of another culture.

A

Cultural Relativism

82
Q

-Studied with the scholars of Alfred Cort Haddon’s Torres Straits Expedition.
-Worked as a participant observer in the Trobriand Islands.
-Stressed the interrelations among the elements of the culture
-Emphasized the notion of function: contributions made by social practices and institutions to the maintenance and stability of a society.

A

Bronislaw Malinowski

83
Q

-Firsthand, systematic exploration of a society.
-Develops a holistic perspective about a culture.
-It involves living with a group of people, participating in, and observing their behavior.

A

Fieldwork

84
Q

The fieldwork technique that involves gathering cultural data by observing people’s behavior and participating in their lives.

A

Participant Observation

85
Q

Fieldwork Techniques

A

-Participant observation -Interviewing
-Photography
-Mapping
-Silent observation -Serving apprenticeships

86
Q

A committee organized by a university or other research institution that approves, monitors, and reviews all research that involves human subjects.

A

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

87
Q

Feelings of alienation and helplessness that result from rapid immersion in a new and different culture.

A

Culture Shock

88
Q

-Etic perspective – examining societies using concepts, categories, and rules derived from science; an outsider’s perspective.
-Emic perspective – examining a society using concepts and distinctions that are meaningful to that culture; an insider’s perspective.

A

Research Styles

89
Q

examining societies using concepts, categories, and rules derived from science; an outsider’s perspective.

A

Etic perspective

90
Q

examining a society using concepts and distinctions that are meaningful to that culture; an insider’s perspective.

A

Emic perspective

91
Q

Consultant

A

-also called key informant.
-emphasizes the collabortaive nature of anthropological fieldwork.
-a person from whom anthropologist gather data.

92
Q

-Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) – an ethnographic database that includes descriptions of many cultures and is used for cross-cultural research.
-British and European anthropology emphasized ethnology – attempt to find general principles or laws that govern cultural phenomena.

A

Cross-Cultural Comparisons

93
Q

-Has resulted in a more heterogeneous understanding of culture and society.
-Questions gender bias in ethnography and cultural theory.
-Encourages research that elicits a female perspective in a society, acknowledges the significant role that females play in all human cultures, and approaches culture from behind-the-scenes as well as publicly.

A

Feminist Anthropology

94
Q

-Theory that focuses on issues of power and voice.
-suggest anthropological accounts are partial truths and reflect the background, training, and social position of their authors.

A

Postmodernism

95
Q

Ethnography that gives priority to cultural consultants on the topic, methodology, and written results of research.

A

Collaborative Anthropology

96
Q

-Anthropology that includes political action as a major goal of fieldwork.
-have no difficulty choosing sides in political contests.

A

Engaged Anthropology

97
Q

-An anthropologist who does fieldwork in his or her own culture.
-Anthropologists must maintain the social distance of the outsider.
-Becoming more common in research today.

A

Native Anthropology

Anthroplogy 101 -(CSN 2023 Spring) (2 decks)

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