First exam

Question 1

What is brain theory?

Answer 1

Brain theory it produces your behavior your brain underlines cognition

Question 2

What is model system?

Answer 2

Allows for the study of some phenomenon in a simpler system than the real thing allows for a highly controlled experimental situation

Question 3

Be able to describe the pathology underlying amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ?

Answer 3

The disease cuts off the central nervous system from the peripheral nervous system

Question 4

What are the three general brain parts?

Answer 4

The forebrain , brain stem, cerebellum

Question 5

What are the four lobes of the brain?

Answer 5

Thumb temporal lobe
Fingers frontal lobe
Knuckles pariental lobe
Wrist occipital lobe

Question 6

What are gyri and sulci?

Answer 6

Bumps gyri ,sulci groves in between

Question 7

Why is the cortex folded?

Answer 7

It allows an increase in the surface area of the Bain in a confined space

Question 8

What is connectome?

Answer 8

40million of funding to map the connectivity of the brain

Question 9

What is the brain composed of?

Answer 9

Nervous tissues individual cells

Question 10

What are the two classes of brain cells?

Answer 10

Neurons and glia

Question 11

Be able to describe the function of de tries and axons?

Answer 11

Dendtries input axons output

Question 12

What are the components of the central nervous system?

Answer 12

The brain and spinal cord

Question 12

What are the components of the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 12

Parts of the nervous system that connect the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body

Question 13

What is the somatic nervous system?

Answer 13

associated with voluntary movements of skeletal muscles

Question 14

What is the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 14

associated with involuntary movements that may regulate body processes such as breathing; sympathetic (fight or flight) & parasympathetic (calming, relaxation); have ganglia for sympathetic and parasympathetic near spinal cord

Question 15

How does irénaus eilbl-eibesfedt define behavior? What are the two behavioral patterns were discussed in the lecture?

Answer 15

Patterns in time relatively fixed and inherited , relatively plastic and learned

Question 16

Define mentalismo , dualism and materialism

Answer 16

Mentalism- the mind is responsible for all behaviors
Dualism- the non eternal mind is seperate from the physical body
Materialism- conscious and unconscious behavior can be explained by the workings of the brain

Question 17

What are the philosophical theories of Aristotle, Rene descartes and chales Darwin?

Answer 17

Aristotle- mentalism
Descartes - dualism
Darwin - materialism

Question 18

Be able to relate the behavior of the red crossbill and roof rat to learned and fixed (inherited) behavioral patterns?

Answer 18

Red Crossbill beak is specifically designed to open pine cones inherited a baby roof rat must learned from its mother how to eat pine cones

Question 19

What are the the general functions of the forebrain , brain stem and cerebellum

Answer 19

Fore brain biggest part of our brain involved in all functioning; two hemispheres of brain

Question 20

What is cell assembly?

Answer 20

Patterns of neurons communication give rise to behavior

Question 21

Know the layers of the ending es and the order they appear from the skull down to the brain?

Answer 21

Dura
Arachnoid
Pía

Question 22

What are the two types of stroke?

Answer 22

Hemorrhagic bleed and ischemic blocked

Question 23

Be sure to understand het the brain is crossed

Answer 23

The left hemisphere controls movements on the right side of your body and vice versa.

Question 24

Where can you find cerebrospinal fluid i the brain?

Answer 24

In the ventricles

Question 25

How many ventricles do you have in the brain?

Answer 25

4 ventricles

Question 26

What is gray matter and white matter composed of?

Answer 26

Gray matter is cell bodies, dendrites white matter fibers or axons

Question 27

How many layers are there in the neocortex? how many are in the límbico system?

Answer 27

Neocortex 6 layers limbico system 3 layers

Question 28

Which layers of cortex are most associated with associating information and which layers serve as an output of the cortex?

Answer 28

Stellate associating information and pyramidal is output

Question 29

Which brain areas comprise the basal ganglia and what is the function of the basal ganglia ?

Answer 29

Caudate nucleus ,putamen, globus pallidus. Function a collection of nuclei that lie below the white matter

Question 30

What are the symptoms of Huntington’s disease and what brain areas are affected in this disease?

Answer 30

Uncontrollable dance movements chorea affects the basal ganglia

Question 31

Which brain areas comprise the límbico system and what is the function of the límbico system?

Answer 31

Cingulate, hippocampus, Amygdala, temporal lobe function memory, space, emotion

Question 32

What are the symptoms and the brain area by Alzheimer’s disease?

Answer 32

Symptoms disorientation dementia loss of memory amygdala

Question 33

What is the function of the amygdala?

Answer 33

regulation of autonomic and endocrine functions, decision-making and adaptations of instinctive and motivational behaviors

Question 34

What are the symptoms of kluver-Bucy syndrome and what brain area is affected in this syndrome?

Answer 34

Tame, flattening of emotion, hyper sexuality, reduced fear amygdala

Question 35

The brain stem is made up of 3 regions what are they/

Answer 35

Diencephalon, midbrain , hindbrain

Question 36

What are the three rooms of the diencephalon and what are their general functions?

Answer 36

1. Epithalamus - biological rhythms 2. Thalamus - cortical relay system 3. Hypothalamus - regulatory behavior

Question 37

What is the function of the lateral hypothalamus?

Answer 37

Eating on

Question 38

What is the function of the ventromedial hypothalamus?

Answer 38

Eating off

Question 39

What is the function of teh superior Colliculus?

Answer 39

Orienting to visual cues

Question 40

What is teh function of teh inferior colluculus?

Answer 40

Orienting to auditory cues

Question 41

What brain region is damaged in Parkinson’s disease?

Answer 41

Substantia nigra

Question 42

What is the function of the reticular formation?

Answer 42

Is involved in the stimulation of the fore brain

Question 43

What afferent and efferent mean?

Answer 43

Afferent is used to describe things like nerves, blood vessels, and arteries that lead toward or bring things (like blood, in the case of arteries) to an organ, such as the heart or brain. Efferent means the opposite—it's used to describe parts that carry or lead things away from organs or other parts.

Question 44

What is a dermatome?

Answer 44

Skin cut area of body that the spinal cord and nerves innervate

Question 45

What regions of the spinal cord are organized for sensory and motor processing?

Answer 45

Dorsal and ventral roots

Question 46

What is the dorsal root ganglion?

Answer 46

emerges from the dorsal root of the spinal nerves. They carry sensory messages from various receptors

Question 47

Hos does the stretch reflex work in terms of the spinal coed and muscles involved?

Answer 47

Sensory receptors (muscle spindles) respond to muscle Stretching and tell the muscle to contract and relieve the stretch.

Question 48

What are stem cells?

Answer 48

the body's raw materials — cells from which all other cells with specialized functions are generated.

Question 49

What are the three Brian regions of neurogenesis?

Answer 49

1. The subgranular zone 2. The subventricular zone 3. Retina

Question 50

Where do you find purkinje cells?

Answer 50

Cerebellum

Question 51

Where can you find pyramidal cells?

Answer 51

Cortical hippocampus and basal

Question 52

In what Part of the nervous system can you find oligodendrocytes?

Answer 52

The can central nervous system

Question 53

In what part of the nervous system can you find Schwann cells?

Answer 53

Peripheral nervous system

Question 54

In what part of the nervous system can you find ependymal cells and what functions do they have?

Answer 54

The central canal and it make cerebrospinal fluid

Question 55

What is the function of microglia?

Answer 55

Phagocytosis to devour

Question 56

What is the function of astroglia?

Answer 56

Nutrition and repair blood brain barrier

Question 57

What is multiple sclerosis/ what brain cells are damaged in multiple sclerosis?

Answer 57

oligodendroglia cell myelin degenerates Possible attack by immune system

Question 58

What is the brain principle of plasticity and how does it relate to dendritic structure/

Answer 58

Plasticity and enduring apical dentries and basal dendtries

Question 59

What is the brain cell membrane made up of?

Answer 59

Semipermeable

Question 60

What si a protein and what types of proteins have a role i information transfer between neurons?

Answer 60

Is a chain of amino acids, k+ calcium potassium sodium chorine ion atom

Question 61

What are the steps in protein packaging and shipment?

Answer 61

1. Proteins formed in the ER enter the Golgi bodies, where they are wrapped in a membrane and given a shipping address. 2. Each protein is attached to a motor molecule and moves along the microtubule to its destination 3. The protein may be incorporated into the membrane.. 4..or be excreted from the cell by exocytosis

Question 62

What is the two step process in creating proteins?

Answer 62

Transcription - DNA to mRNA - base to base Translation - mRNA to protein - base to amino acid

Question 63

What were Galvani and Bernstein’s contribution to the study of the nervous system?

Answer 63

Membrane hypothesis and Electrical Stimulation: Waves of chemical change - Ions surround neurons - Change in concentration of ions in and around neurons gives rise to neural impulse

Question 64

What is a cation and an anion?

Answer 64

Ions

Question 65

What re the three factors that influence the movement of ions in and out of the cell?

Answer 65

Diffusion * Concentration * Charge

Question 66

What proteins allow ions to pass through the cell membrane?

Answer 66

Potassium channel – K+ Sodium channel – Na+ Sodium pump – Na+

Question 67

At resting potential where are anion proteins k+ and na+ ions most concentrated?

Answer 67

K (+) accumulates in the cell Na (+) is pumped out of the cell by the Na/K pump

Question 68

What is the threshold potential defined by?

Answer 68

defined by Na+ voltage-gated channels

Question 69

What triggers an action potential?

Answer 69

when different ions cross the neuron membrane

Question 70

Be able to draw an action potential and label the following: Na+ influx, K+ efflux, threshold, resting potential, -90, -70, depolarization, hyperpolarization.

Answer 70

1. Threshold = -50mV 2. Depolarization: Na+ influx until membrane potential reaches +30mV 3. Hyperpolarization: K+ efflux until membrane potential reaches -90mV 4. Voltage sensitive ion channels

Question 71

What is saltatory conduction?

Answer 71

A jump

Question 72

What is a node of ranvier?

Answer 72

lots of voltage sensitive channels

Question 73

What is an Epsp? What is an ipsp?

Answer 73

Excitatory Post Synaptic Potentials EPSPs Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potentials IPSPs

Question 74

What is temporal and spatial summation?

Answer 74

Temporal - Graded potentials that occur at approximately the same time on a membrane are summated. Spatial-Graded potentials that occur at approximately the same location on a membrane are summated.

Question 75

What is eeg and what does it measure?

Answer 75

electrical brain potential recorded by placing electrodes on the scalp