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AHW RESIT > Fish > Flashcards

Fish Flashcards

1
Q

Types of fish

A

Bony fish/osteichthyes - most pet and farmed species
Cartilaginous fish/chondrichthyes - sharks and rays

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2
Q

Fish in society

A

Pets
Aquariums
Lab fish - mostly zebrafish
Farmed fish - mostly salmonids in UK

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3
Q

External anatomy and function of fish

A

Operculum: protective gill cover
Caudal fin: forward movement
Dorsal fin: keeps upright and controls direction
Anal fin: keeps fish stable and upright
Pectoral/pelvic fins: steering, balance, vertical movement
Lateral line: system of sense organs detect movement, vibration, pressure gradients

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4
Q

Function of fish skin

A

Barrier against environment
Osmotic barrier
Defence against pathogens

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5
Q

Fish GI tract

A

Simple and short in carnivores
Longer in herbivores

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6
Q

Fish Liver

A

Largest organ - anterior coelom
Some fish have hepatopancreas, others have pancreas and liver separate

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7
Q

Fish Kidney

A

Large species variation
Can be 2 structures or 1:
Anterior kidney - osmoregulation, excretion of waste
Posterior kidney - hematpoiesis, immune function

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8
Q

Function of gills

A

Gas exchange
Acid-base balance
Excretion of nitrogenous waste
Osmoregulation
Immune role

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9
Q

Osmoregulation in fish

A

= the maintenance of constant osmotic pressure in the fluids of an organism by the control of water and salt concentrations
Essential for life
25-50% of total energy output may be used for osmoregulation in fish
Involves kidney, gut and gills

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10
Q

Salt water osmoregulation

A

Environment is hypertonic compared to fish
Water passively leaves fish
Drink large quantities of salt water
Salt excreted through urine, gills and digestive tract
High concentration of salt in urine and water reabsorption

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11
Q

Fresh water osmoregulation

A

Environment is hypotonic compared to fish
Water passively enters fish
Production and excretion of high volume of urine with low salt conc
Salts obtained from food

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12
Q

Swim Bladder Function and anatomy

A

Mechanism for maintaining buoyancy and position
Not present in all species
2 types:
Physostomous - attached to GI tract, entry and exit of gases
Physoclistous - gas glands for gas exchange with blood, takes longer to fill and empty

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13
Q

Factors effecting water quality

A

Oxygen
CO2
Ammonia
Nitrite
Nitrate
pH
Hardness
Salinity
Chlorine/chloramine
Temp

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14
Q

Effect of low oxygen

A

Signs of respiratory distress: gasping, gathering at areas of higher oxygen (e.g. water inlets), flared gills
Can cause sudden death

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15
Q

CO2 effect on water quality

A

Source: fish respiration + decomposing matter
Daily fluctuation (opposite to oxygen) - low during day, high during night
High CO2 conc -> fish can’t excrete through gills -> CO2 build up in blood
Countermeasure = aeration

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16
Q

Nitrogen Cycle in water

A

Ammonia is principal waste product from protein metabolism
Unionized form is more toxic
Broken down to nitrate in nitrogen cycle in biological filters
Ammonia -> Nitrite (less toxic, methaemaglobinaemia/brown blood)
Nitrite -> Nitrate (least toxic, can promote algal growth)
Nitrate then converted to nitrogen or taken up by plants
Conversion done by converting bacteria

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17
Q

Why should you not replace biofilters in fish tanks

A

They contain beneficial denitrifying bacteria

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18
Q

New Tank Syndrome

A

Too many fish, not enough denitrifying bacteria (immature biofilter)
Acute increase in ammonia

19
Q

Things to consider in home tanks

A

Number of fish/stocking density
Species and compatibility
Surroundings/enrichment
Plants (can affect oxygen and nitrogen)
Water changes to remove nitrogenous compounds

20
Q

Freshwater vs saltwater tanks

A

Freshwater:
Easier to start
Open to more fluctuation (fresh water fish more tolerant to variations)
Heating? (species dependent)

Saltwater:
More sophisticated
Sea water very stable (marine fish very intolerant to variations)
Require heating
Specialized lighting

21
Q

Outdoor ponds

A

Stocking density - 2kg per 1000L
Planting - shelter, shade + refuge, oxygenates (removes O2 at night), remove nitrate and phosphates, koi may uproot or knock over
Oxygen can hit lowest point in early hours

22
Q

Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS)

A

Very complicated systems - common in aquariums and aquaculture production
Chemistry needs to be precise (particularly if using ozone)
Less water requirement
Large energy input
Expensive
Commonly used in juvenile stages

Salmon, trout, eel, sturgeon, artic char, yellowtail

23
Q

Herbivorous & omnivorous fish nutrition

A

Less nutrient dense
Long intestine to allow digestion & absorption of vegetation

24
Q

Carnivorous fish nutrition

A

Top predators e.g. salmon or tuna
Nutrient dense, high protein diets
Short intestine - rapid digestion and absorption

25
Q

Primary diagnostic exams on fish

A

Skin scrapes
Gill clips

26
Q

Diagnostic imaging of fish

A

Radiographs:
Settings will be off
Quick shot out of water

Ultrasound:
Don’t need gel in water

27
Q

Common fish conditions

A

Dropsy:
Clinical sign
Caused by fluid build up, poor osmoregulation

Buoyancy issues:
Issue with swim bladder

Tumours

Infectious diseases

Dystocia/egg binding:
Can be simple issue
Can cause severe sepsis

Polycystic kidneys:
mostly in goldfish/koi

28
Q

Blood sampling fish

A

Tail vein

29
Q

Why are zebrafish used as laboratory fish

A

Zebrafish mostly:
Genetically similar to humans
Ease of care
Transparent embryos and larvae - easy to see impact of any genetic mutation or drug treatment
High numbers of offspring
Easier to introduce genetic changes

Zebrafish husbandry association

30
Q

Considerations of growing fish industry

A

Environmental impact
Risks posed to wild aquatic animal populations
Welfare of fish
Suitability of species to intensive culture systems

31
Q

Seafood species and classification

A

Finfish:
Salmonids - salmon, trout
Freshwater species - carp, catfish
Marine species - bream, bass, cod, halibut

Shellfish:
Crustaceans - creabs, lobsters, shrimps, barnacles
Molluscs- cephalopods (squids, octopus), bivalves (clams, oysters), Gastropods (whelks, winkles)
Echinoderms - sea urchins

32
Q

Mollusc common body plan

A

Foot - locomotion, anchoring, predation
Radula - toothy tongue
Mantle - produces shell
Shell - protection
Visceral mass - internal organs

33
Q

What are aquaculture systems with examples

A

= the growth and reproduction of aquatic organisms in a controlled environment

Freshwater and marine production

Ponds, raceways, cages, RAS

34
Q

Water management in aquaculture production systems

A

Flow through: marine or freshwater, farming of salmonids, bass, bream

Recirculation: marine or freshwater, juvenile production of salmonids, bass, bream

Batch culture: shrimp, marine fish early larval rearing

35
Q

Ponds

A

Most common & least intense
Salmonids, tilapia, shrimps/prawns, catfish

36
Q

Raceways

A

Single pass system
Above or below ground
Gravity flow
Trout, tilapia, carp, prawns

37
Q

Fish cages advantages, disadvantages, species

A

Advantages:
Easy stocking, feeding and harvest

Disadvantages:
Little environmental control - predators, water born irritants, bad weather
Shared water body - quicker disease spread
Limited water quality control

Salmonids, tilapia, seabass, seabream

38
Q

Poles, racks, rafts and longlines

A

Used in mollusc aquaculture
Location important - avoid prevailing winds
Water depth + movement
Phytoplankton rich
No toxic waste
Poles: variable length and diameter, driven into sea bed

39
Q

Salmon transition from freshwater to seawater

A

Go through smoltification:
Transition from young parr into smolt to prepare for move
Physiological changes: altered body shape, increased skin reflectance, altered behaviour, change in blood chlorides, change in gill ATPase level

40
Q

Salmon Life cycle

A

Eggs/Alevins
Parr/Pre-smolt
Smolt
Grower -> Harvest or broodstock
Broodstock
Stripping (of eggs)

41
Q

Aquaculture standards established by:

A

FAOs code of conduct for responsible fisheries
Aquaculture stewardship council requirements
RSPCA
Organic certification schemes
SSPS code of good practice

42
Q

Assessing welfare in fish farms

A

Stocking densities
Feeding rates
Behaviour
Growth rates
Health status
Survival rates
Surface activity

43
Q

Fish Legislation

A

Veterinary surgeons act 1966 - does not include fish or invertebrates so operating on a fish does not count as surgery
Animal welfare act 2006
Animal welfare (sentience) act 2022 - now includes molluscs and decapod crustaceans

AHW RESIT (13 decks)

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