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AEBI 211: Organisms 2 > Fishes > Flashcards

Fishes Flashcards

1
Q

Form

Types of scales

A
  • Placoid scales
  • Ganoid scales
  • Cycloid & Ctenoid scales
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2
Q

Types of scales

Placoid scales

A
  • Small, conical, toothlike structures
  • Typical of chondrichthyes
  • Modified to teeth in sharks
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3
Q

Types of scales

Ganoid scales

A
  • Diamond shape
  • Early bone fishes and living gars
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4
Q

Types of scales

Cycloid & Ctenoid scales

A
  • Arranged in overlapping rows
  • Typical of teleost fish
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5
Q

Adaptations for buoyancy

A
  • Swim bladder
  • Never stop swimming (tuna)
  • No need to buoyancy (abyssal fish)
  • Asymmetrical tail (provides lift)
  • Large livers with squalene (particularly buoyant lipid)
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6
Q

Adapations for buoyancy

Swim bladder

A
  • Gas-filled organ
  • Volume adjusted for neutral buoyancy
  • Volume of gas can be adjusted as fish moves up and down water column
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7
Q

Respiration

A
  • Most fish use gills
  • Some fish also have lungs
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8
Q

Respiration

Gills

A
  • Composed of thin filaments covered with an epidermal membrane folded repeatedly into plate-like lamellae to increase SA for gas exchange
  • Located in the pharyngeal cavity
  • Covered with an operculum in bony fishes
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9
Q

Osmotic reguation

A
  • Maintenance of balance of fluids
  • Freshwater = hyperosmotic regulators
  • Marine = hypoosmotic regulators
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10
Q

Osmotic regulation

Adaptations of hyperosmotic regulators

A
  • Scales and mucous protect the fish
  • Water pumped out by kidneys
  • Salt-absorbing cells in the gill move salt from water to blood
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11
Q

Osmotic regulation

Adaptations of hypoosmotic regulators

A
  • Salt-secretory cells in the gills move salt out of the body
  • Salt is voided with faeces or excreted by the kidney
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12
Q

Taxonomy

A

Agnatha
* Hagfishes
* Lampreys

Chondricthyes
* Sharks, rays, & chimeras

Osteichthyes
* Actinopterygii (Ray-finned fishes)
* Sarcopterygii (Lobe-finned fishes)

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13
Q

Agnatha

A

No vertebrae or jaw

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14
Q

Hagfishes
* Environment
* Nutrition
* Sensory
* Defense

Agnatha

A
  • Marine
  • Scavengers & predators (not parasitic)
  • Keratinized plates on tongue to rasp bits of flesh from its prey
  • Poorly developed eyes
  • Keenly developed sense of smell & touch
  • Produce slime as a defence mechanism
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15
Q

How do lamprey feed?

Agnatha

A

Use tooth-like plates of keratin for rasping a hole, through which fluids & tissues are sucked

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16
Q

Chondrichthyes

Sharks, rays, chimeras

A
  • Cartilaginous fishes (no bone)
  • Placoid scales
  • No swim bladder
  • Asymmetric hetercercal tail provides lift
  • Large livers with squalene
17
Q

Osteichthyes: General charactersitics

A
  • Bony fish (bone replaces cartilage)
  • Gas-filled pouches branches from oesophagus
  • If pouch used for gas-exchange = lungs
  • If pouched used for buoyancy = swim bladder
18
Q

Osteichthyes

Ray-finned fishes

A
  • Actinopterygii
  • Symmetrical homocercal tail
  • Gills and swim bladder
19
Q

Osteichthyes

Lobe-finned fishes

A
  • Sarcoptergii
  • Lungfish and coelacanths
  • Ancestor of tetrapods
  • Lobe fins with a single bone that articulates with rest of body
  • Diphycercal tails
  • Lungs and gills
20
Q

Lobe-finned fishes

Lungfishes

A
  • Breathe with gills and lungs
  • Can live out of water for extended periods of time
21
Q

Lobe-finned fishes

Coelacanths

A
  • Living fossils
  • 80 million years of
    morphological stasis
22
Q

Reproduction in fishes

A
  • Mostly dioecious
  • external fertilization
  • oviparous
  • r-selected
23
Q

Patterns of reproduction: Pelagic marine teleosts

A
  • minute, buoyant, transparent eggs
  • Eggs hatch into larvae as they float in the ocean
24
Q

Patterns of reproduction: Near-shore and benthic fish

A
  • Larger eggs, with more yolk
  • Non-buoyant, adhesive
  • Eggs are buried, attached to vegetation, deposited in nests
  • Many benthic fish guard their eggs (male)
25
Q

Unusual reproduction: Clown fish

A

Sequential hemaphroditism
* Group consists of a breeding pair (one male, one female) and a number of undifferentiated fish
* If the female dies, the adult male becomes female, and one of the smaller, undifferentiated fish takes his place

26
Q

Unusual reproduction in fishes: Amazon molly

A

Asexual parthenogesis
* Egg is diploid when it is laid
* No meiosis
* Male sperm from a related species may be required to stimulate the egg
* Offspring are clones of the mother
* All female species

AEBI 211: Organisms 2 (31 decks)

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