Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders

Question 1

Red Flags by condition and drug induced conditions: Edema

Drug induced Edema

Answer 1

NSAIDS, calcium channel blockers, corticosteroids, thiazolidinediones or drugs that interact with diuretic agents.

Question 2

Red Flags by condition and drug induced conditions: Electrolytes Imbalances

Hypercalcemia

Answer 2

Androgens, antiestrogens, derivatives and analogues of vitamin A, estrogens, excess vitamin A or D, ingestion of >3g elemental calcium per day, lithium, parenteral nutrition, progestins, thiazide diuretics.

Question 3

Red Flags by condition and drug induced conditions: Electrolytes Imbalances

Hypocalcemia

Answer 3

Loop diuretics, bisphosphonates, phenytoin

Question 4

Red Flags by condition and drug induced conditions: Electrolytes Imbalances

Hyperkalemia (high potassium)

Answer 4

ACE inhibitors, aliskiren, aminocaproic acid, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), beta blockers, cyclosporine, digoxin overdose, dropirenone, heparin, K supplements, K sparing diuretics, ketoconazole, NSAIDS, penicillin G potassium, pentamidne, succinylcholine, tacrolimus, trimethoprim, or TMP/SMX (high dose or in susceptible patients ie elderly, renal failure), some herbal and nutritional supplements (eg alfalfa, nettle) especially in the presence of renal failure

Question 5

Red Flags by condition and drug induced conditions: Electrolytes Imbalances

Hypokalemia (low potassium)

Answer 5

Aminoglycosides, amphotericin B, antipseudomonal penicillins, beta2-agonists- salbutamol, caffeine, foscarnet, insulin, laxatives, licorice, long-term corticosteroid therapy, loop and thiazide diuretics, theophylline, tocolytic agents.

Question 6

Red Flags by condition and drug induced conditions: Electrolytes Imbalances

Hypernatraemia

Answer 6

Sodium containing AB and antacids

Question 7

Red Flags by condition and drug induced conditions: Electrolytes Imbalances

Hyponatraemia

Answer 7

SSRI, diuretics, lithium, chlorpromazine, carbamazepine, theophylline