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Adv Physiology 1 > Foundations > Flashcards

Foundations Flashcards

0
Q

In a non-dividing cell, DNA is loose. Called ______

A

Chromatin

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1
Q

Nuclear envelope (3 characteristics)

A
  • Double membrane
  • Surrounds nucleus
  • Continuous with ER
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2
Q

(1) is coding of the mRNA, occurs in the nucleus.
(2) is reading of the mRNA, occurs in the (3), where (4) are made.
RNA is synthesised in the (5) and packaged into (6).

A

1) Transcription
2) Translation
3) Ribosome
4) Proteins
5) Nucleolus
6) Ribosomal Subunits

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3
Q

In translation, the tRNA meets the mRNA at the (1) carrying a (2). The (3) bind around the mRNA strand. A second tRNA then arrives at an adjacent site and the second (4). Continues til (5) results, and the (6) signifies the end of the process.

A

1) Start codon
2) Amino acid
3) Ribosomal subunits
4) Codon
5) A polypeptide chain
6) Stop codon

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4
Q

Cell metabolism

  • Occurs in the (1) which has its own (2)
  • What’s the jist?
A

1) Mitochondria
2) DNA

Energy substrates are converted to molecules, which are converted into energy.

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5
Q

Name two organs of intracellular digestion.

  • What type of reaction does each carry out?
  • Composition of each
  • Function of each
A

LYSOSOME “uses water to digest things”

  • Carries out HYDROLYTIC reactions.
  • Composed of a hydrolytic enzyme mixture coated in a plasma membrane
  • Hydrolyzes proteins using hydrolytic enzymes and water.

PEROXISOME

  • Carries out oxidation/reduction reactions.
  • Byproduct = Hydrogen peroxide, which it toxic. So there are enzymes available to deal with this.
  • Important in breaking down things like LIPIDS.
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6
Q

Three functions of the cytoplasm

A
  • Gives the cell shape
  • Maintains cellular shape
  • Proteins create channels for intracellular movement
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7
Q

Four types of filaments in cytoplasm

  • Function
  • Composition
A

1) Thin filaments
- composed of actin
- Attach intregal proteins to cytoskeleton
- Interact with myocin in muscle cells to produce movement

2) Thick filaments
- Composed of myocin
- Interact with actin in muscle cells to produce movement

3) Intermediate fibers
- Provide scaffolding

4) Microtubules
- Form spindle fibers, enable cell division.
- Important for intracellular movement
- HUGE.

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8
Q

Distribution of Body Fluids: Equation

A

TBW = ICF + ECF

Total Body Water = 60%
Intracellular Fluid = 40%
Extracellular fluid = 20%

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9
Q

Composition of ECF (3)

A

ECF = 20% of TBW

Composed of:

  • Interstitial fluid (15% of body weight)
  • Plasma (5% of body weight)
  • Transcellular fluid
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10
Q

What three ions have a larger EXTRACELLULAR concentration?

A

Na+ (Sodium)
Ca++ (Calcium)
Cl- (Chlorine)

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11
Q

What three ions have the larger INTRACELLULAR concentration?

A

K+ (Potassium)
Mg++ (Magnesium)
HCO3-

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12
Q

Three components of plasma membrane composition

A
  1. Structural lipids
  2. Proteins
  3. Carbohydrates associated with lipids and proteins
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13
Q
  • What are structural lipids?

- Name the two types.

A
  • The main structural component of the plasma membrane

- Two types: Phospholipids (majority) and Cholesterol

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14
Q

Why are phospholipids important to concentration?

A

They are AMPHIPATHIC. One end is hydrophobic, one end is hydrophilic.

**Water soluble molecules cannot pass easily through, fat soluble molecules can. This is why drugs going through the BBB must be fat soluble.

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15
Q

Describe the two ends of a phospholipid molecule.

A

HYDROPHILIC HEAD:

  • Polar
  • Charged
  • Water soluble

HYDROPHOBIC TAIL:

  • Non-polar
  • Not charged
  • Not Water soluble (Fat soluble)
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16
Q

What does cholesterol bring to the phospholipid table?

A
  • Adds fluidity & flexibility by preventing fatty acid tails from chrystelizing & becoming more rigid.
  • If it were only phospholipids, they would chrystelize. Cholesterol provides variety = kinks = more flexible layer.
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17
Q

Describe polarity in discussing water.

A
  • Electrons favor the oxygen, so the oxygen end of a water molecule is slightly more negative than the hydrogen end.
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18
Q

Chemical implication of polarity

A

If you add an ionic compound (eg NaCl) to water, it dissolves: Na is attracted to the oxygen and Cl is attracted to the hydrogen.

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19
Q

What functions do proteins have in the plasma membrane? (3)

A
  • Surface receptors
  • Compose channels (usually channels are hydrophobic proteins)
  • Involved in intracellular signalling
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20
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A protein that makes a reaction happen more quickly. Catalyze every single reaction in the body.

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21
Q

Proteins are composed of _________. How many possible?

A

Amino acids

  • 20 possible amino acids
  • 20 possible side chains
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22
Q

Describe the amino acid stucture.

A

Carbon in middle, with four branches:

  • Hydrogen
  • Amino
  • Carboxyl
  • Variable side group
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23
Q

Describe the four levels of protein structure.

A

1) Primary
- Amino acid chain
- Basis for all other shaping.

2) Secondary
- Either alpha helices or beta pleated sheets
- Non-covalent bonds. Not steadfast, just a general preference.

3) Tertiary
- Due to “R” group interaction
- Some covalent bonds here. For instance, two thyamine bonds make a disulfide bond (curly hair).

4) Quarternary
- Interaction between multiple tertiary folded subunits. for multiple subunit-peptides.
- For example, Hb is a four subunit structure.

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24
Q

What characteristic of proteins does SICKLE CELL ANEMIA demonstrate?

A
  • The importance of protein folding.
  • In sickle cell anemia, one single amino acid is replaced, making the Hb turn into a weird shape, causing a completely different shape of the blood cell to form so that the plasma cannot carry enough Oxygen.
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25
Q

_______ make hair curl.

A

Disulfide bonds. These are covalent bonds.

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26
Q

Define “denaturing proteins.”

  • What is altered?

- What is the clinical implication?

A

Changing proteins by varying acidity and temperature.

  • Alter side-chain interaction
  • Body is very sensitive to changes in temperature or pH.
27
Q

Discuss the two types of carbohydrates in the plasma membrane.
What important task are they involved in?

A
  • Glycolipids
  • Glycoproteins
  • Involved as an identity marker (esp glycoproteins - there are a lot of them). Important for the immune system.
28
Q

Fick’s Law of Diffusion

A

**Rate of diffusion depends upon:

1) Gradient (high to low)
2) Membrane permeability
3) Size / weight of substance
4) Barrier thickness (thinner barrier = faster diffusion)
5) Surface area available for diffusion
6) Temperature - remember the Russian guy

29
Q

Name the three passive forces that control entry into the cell.

A

1) Simple diffusion
2) Facilitated diffusion
3) Osmosis

30
Q

Describe Brownian motion

A

There is very random motion in all substances.

Net diffusion occurs with imbalance (High concentration to low).

31
Q

Simple diffusion occurs with ________ substances through _______.

A

** Hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

Through appropriate channels.

32
Q

How do carrier proteins work?

A

Substance attaches to protein, protein changes shape.
Once shape is changed, affinity is lost.
Protein therefore releases substance to the lower concentration side.
Returns to its original shape, ready to pick up new substance.

33
Q

Describe facilitated diffusion.

- 3 possible mechanisms

A
  • Protein binds to the substance and helps it move across the membrane. No energy involved.
  • Mechanisms: Carrier proteins (most common), pores (non-gated), channels (sometimes gated)
34
Q

What needs to be in place for carrier proteins to work (2)?

A
  • Concentration gradient

- Substance to bind

35
Q

Two limiting factors of facilitated diffusion, plus the clinical relevance of one.

A
  • SPECIFICITY.
  • MAXIMUM CAPACITY.

** Clinical relevance: Maximum capacity is why we can test for diabetes by looking for glucose in the urine. Blood glucose quadruples, transporters max out and therefore some glucose exits in the urine.

36
Q

Define osmosis

A

A form of simple diffusion that involves the membrane specificity of water across a permeable membrane. (If the SOLUTE cannot move, the WATER moves until the substance is at equilibrium.)

37
Q

Define Tonicity, and list two clinical implications.

A

The effect that a solution will have on cell volume.

  • Renal physiology
  • IVs
38
Q

(1) is when the inside has the same tonicity as the outside. No movement.
(2) refers to a lower concentration outside of the cell. RESULT: (A)
(3) refers to a higher concentration outside of the cell. RESULT: (B)

A

1) Isotonic
2) Hypotonic.
RESULT: Water moves into the cell; cell swelling.
3) Hypertonic.
RESULT: Water moves out of the cell; cell shrinkage.

39
Q

What are the two types of active transport?

A

1) Primary Active Transport, either by PUMPS or VESICULAR TRANSPORT.
2) Secondary active transport

40
Q

How do Primary Active Transport Pumps work?

  • Energy source
  • Example
A
  • Uses the energy in ATP. Straightforward.

- Example: Na+/K+ ATPase pump, Kicks out 3 Na, pulls in 3K.

41
Q

How does Vesicular Transport work? What type of transport is this?

A
  • Movement into or out of cell using endocytosis or exocytosis via vesicles.
  • A type of Primary Active Transport
42
Q

Secondary Active Transport

  • Energy source
  • What is moving?
  • What is an allstar ion for this?
A
  • Uses energy stored in the concentration gradient (ion concentration gradients across a membrane)- DOES NOT USE ATP
  • Always at least two substances moving, always moving in opposite directions with respect to concentration gradients (Energy from the substance moving DOWNhill powers the substance moving UPhill.)
  • Sodium = powerhouse
  • Cotransporters (Symporters): When two substances are moving in the same direction across the membrane.
  • Exchangers (Antiporters): Two substances moving in opposite directions across the membrane.
43
Q

Homeostasis refers to ___________, not _________. This often does not include _________.

A

Stability, stagnancy, equilibrium.

44
Q

What three main mechanisms does the Hypothalamus use to control body temperature?

A
  • Metabolic control
  • Vasomotor control
  • Skin control
45
Q

8 Extracellular fluid variables:

A
  • Nutrient
  • Gasses (O2, CO2)
  • Waste
  • Water
  • Salt
  • Electrolytes
  • Temp
  • Volume
46
Q

Describe the homeostatic controlled system. Be sure to mention 3 key players.

A

SENSOR detects deviation from set point and informs INTEGRATOR / CONTROL CENTER, which compares it to set point and sends instructions to EFFECTOR, which brings about a compensatory response, thus returning the controlled variable to set point.

47
Q

What is the start codon?

A

Answer: METHIONINE (MET)

48
Q

Name the three basic steps of cellular metabolism.

A
  • Glycolysis
  • Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs)
  • Oxidative Phosphorylation (& the electron transport chain)
49
Q

Glycolysis (3 characteristics)

A
  • Occurs outside the mitochondria (in Cytoplasm)
  • Yields some energy (minimal)
  • Anaerobic
50
Q

Citric Acid Cycle / Krebs (3 characteristics)

A
  • Occurs in the mitochondria
  • Requires no oxygen
  • Produces minimal ATP
51
Q

Oxidation Phosphorylation and the Electron Transport Chain

A
  • Consumes Oxygen
  • Produces “big whallop” of ATP
  • Occurs in mitochondria
52
Q

List the four energy substrates

A

Protein, polysaccharides, carbohydrates, fats.

53
Q

Roles of the plasma membrane (5)

A
  • Defines boundary of cell
  • Maintains the difference in fluid composition inside v outside
  • Maintains the difference in ion composition inside v outside
  • Keeps intracellular contents in
  • Regulates molecular traffic across the boundary
54
Q

What is transcellular fluid

  • Definition
  • 4 types of transcellular fluid
A

Extracellular fluid that is not plasma or interstitial fluid. Should be a small amount. “The third space”- Fluid that is entirely surrounded by serous membranes - peritoneal fluid, serous fluid, pericardial fluid, intrapleural fluid

55
Q

Adipose tissue has _______ water than muscle, meaning that ______ have less body water than ____. What is the clinical implication here?

A
  • less
  • women, men / old people, young people
  • as total body water decreases, so does the potential for dehydration.
56
Q

Why is ________ so tightly regulated? How is it regulated (2)

A
  • Intracellular calcium
  • It can trigger reactions inside the cell really easily
  • Regulated by calcium pumps (which constantly pump Ca back out of the cell) proteins that attach to calcium.
57
Q

Clorine tends to ride along with

A

Sodium

58
Q

Whether or not a substance can pass thru the plasma membrane unaided depends on:

A

1) Its lipid solubility

2) Its size

59
Q

Osmotic pressure can only be exerted by ___________.

Osmotic forces are ______ forces.

A

A substance that cannot cross the barrier.

Pulling

60
Q

What is osmolarity?

What is the osmolarity of intracellular fluid?

A

The number of particles in a solution that can exert osmotic pressure. (As the number gets smaller, the substance gets more dilute.

Osmolarity of ICF = 290.

61
Q

How is energy generated for primary active transport?

A

ATP is hydrolyzed (phosphate removed) from ATP to ADP.

The breaking of that bond releases energy, and you can do work.

62
Q

What energy pump is found in every cell in our body?

A
  • Na+/K+ ATPase pump.
  • Over 50% of the energy of the cell is dedicated to running the Na/K pump.
  • Pushes 3 sodiums out and pulls in 2 potassiums. (Both against the gradient.) Critical for maintaining the ion gradients, inside and out.
63
Q

Anytime you have a boundary inside-outside of your body, there are _________, because that means there are _______.

A
  • Epithelial cells

- 2 layers of plasma membrane

64
Q

Glandular tissue

A
  • cells that evolved to produce either a hormone (endocrine glands) or substance onto surface of skin (exocrine glands)
65
Q

Homeostasis means _________. This is really important for ______.

A

STABILITY

EXTRACELLULAR FLUID.

66
Q

extracellular fluid variables (7)

*clinically, we are talking about _______.

A
  • nutrient (eg glucose)
  • oxygen / carbon dioxide levels
  • waste concentration (eg uric concentration)
  • water concentration
  • electrolyte concentration
  • temperature
  • volume
  • PLASMA

Adv Physiology 1 (2 decks)

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