Foundations Exam 1 Flashcards
0
Q
CHAP 5 KEY POINTS
A
- A challenge in EBP is to obtain the very best, most current information at the right time, when you need it for patient care.
- Using your clinical expertise and considering patients’ values and preferences ensures that you will apply the evidence in practice both safely and appropriately.
- The five steps of EBP provide a systematic approach to rational clinical decision making.
- The more focused a PICOT question is, the easier it will become to search for evidence in the scientific literature.
- The hierarchy of available evidence offers a guide to the types of literature or information that offer the best scientific evidence.
- A randomized controlled trial is the highest level of experimental research.
- Expert clinicians are a rich source of evidence because they use it frequently to build their own practice and solve clinical problems.
- The critique or evaluation of evidence includes determining the value, feasibility, and usefulness of evidence for making a practice change.
- After critiquing all articles for a PICOT question, synthesize or combine the findings to consider the scientific rigor of the evidence and whether it has application in practice.
- When you decide to apply evidence, consider the setting and whether there is support from staff and available resources.
- Research is a systematic process that asks and answers questions that generate knowledge, which provides a scientific basis for nursing practice.
- Outcomes research is designed to assess and document the effectiveness of health care services and interventions.
- Nursing research involves two broad approaches for conducting studies: quantitative and qualitative methods.
- The research process usually consists of the following steps: identifying the problem, designing the study, conducting the study, analyzing the data, and using the findings.
- A thorough analysis of QI data leads clinicians to understand work processes and the need to change practice.
1
Q
CHAP 1 KEY POINTS
A
- Nursing responds to the health care needs of society, which are influenced by economic, social, and cultural variables of a specific era.
- Changes in society such as increased technology, new demographic patterns, consumerism, health promotion, and the women’s and human rights movements lead to changes in nursing.
- Nursing definitions reflect changes in the practice of nursing and help bring about changes by identifying the domain of nursing practice and guiding research, practice, and education.
- Nursing standards provide the guidelines for implementing and evaluating nursing care.
- Professional nursing organizations deal with issues of concern to specialist groups within the nursing profession.
- Nurses are becoming more politically sophisticated and, as a result, are able to increase the influence of nursing on health care policy and practice.
2
Q
CHAP 15 KEY POINTS
A
- Clinical decision making involves judgment that includes critical and reflective thinking and action and application of scientific and practical logic.
- Nurses who apply critical thinking in their work focus on options for solving problems and making decisions rather than rapidly and carelessly forming quick, single solutions.
- Following a procedure step by step without adjusting to a patient’s unique needs is an example of basic critical thinking.
- In complex critical thinking a nurse learns that alternative and perhaps conflicting solutions exist.
- In diagnostic reasoning you collect patient data and analyze them to determine the patient’s problems.
- The nursing process is a blueprint for patient care that involves both general and specific critical thinking competencies in a way that focuses on a particular patient’s unique needs.
- The critical thinking model combines a nurse’s knowledge base, experience, competence in the nursing process, attitudes, and standards to explain how nurses make clinical judgments that are necessary for safe, effective nursing care.
- Clinical learning experiences are necessary for you to acquire clinical decision-making skills.
- Critical thinking attitudes help you to know when more information is necessary and when it is misleading and to recognize your own knowledge limits.
- The use of intellectual standards during assessment ensures that you obtain a complete database of information.
- Professional standards for critical thinking refer to ethical criteria for nursing judgments, evidence-based criteria for evaluation, and criteria for professional responsibility.
- Meeting regularly with colleagues allows you to discuss anticipated and unanticipated outcomes in any clinical situation to continually learn and develop your expertise and knowledge.
3
Q
CHAP 16 KEY POINTS
A
- The nursing process is a variation of scientific reasoning that involves five steps: assessment, nursing diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation.
- Assessment involves collecting information from the patient and secondary sources (e.g., family members) along with interpreting and validating the information to form a complete database.
- There are two approaches to gathering a comprehensive assessment: use of a structured database format and use of a problem-focused approach.
- Once a patient provides subjective data, explore the findings further by collecting objective data.
- During assessment critically anticipate and use an appropriate branching set of questions or observations to collect data and cluster cues of assessment information to identify emerging patterns and problems.
- In a patient-centered interview an organized conversation with the patient allows the patient to set the initial focus and initiate discussion about his or her health problems.
- A successful interview requires preparation, including reviewing all available information about the patient, preparing the interview environment, and timing to avoid interruptions.
- An initial patient-centered interview involves: (1) setting the stage, (2) gathering information about the patient’s problems and setting an agenda, (3) collecting the assessment or a nursing health history, and (4) terminating the interview.
- The best clinical interview focuses on the patient, not your own agenda.
- During an assessment interview encourage patients to tell their stories about their illnesses or health care problems.
- It is easier to explore cultural differences if you allow time for thoughtful answers and ask your questions in a comfortable order.
- When collecting a complete nursing history, let the patient’s story guide you in fully exploring the components related to his or her problems.
- Successful interpretation and validation of assessment data ensure that you have collected a complete database.
