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[Y1] BBoL > From DNA to protein > Flashcards

From DNA to protein Flashcards

1
Q

where is the information content of genes?

A

in the specific sequence of nucleotides

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2
Q

what does the DNA inherited by an organism lead to?

A

specific traits by dictating the synthesis of proteins

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3
Q

proteins are linked between …

A

genotype and phenotype

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4
Q

what is gene expression?

A

the process by which DNA directs protein synthesis, includes two stages: transcription and translation

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5
Q

which 2 can happen?
information transfered from protein to protein
information transfered from nucleic acid to protein
information transfered from nucleic acid to nucleic acid
information transfered from protein to nucleic acid

A

information transfered from nucleic acid to protein
information transfered from nucleic acid to nucleic acid

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6
Q

what is the flow of information from gene to protein based on?

A

triplet code: a series of 3 nucleotides

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7
Q

how is information changed from gene to protein?

A
  • The flow of information from gene to protein is based on a triplet code: a series of three-nucleotides
  • The code of a gene is transcribed into a complementary three-nucleotide code of mRNA called a codon.
  • These are then translated into a chain of amino acids, forming a polypeptide
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8
Q

what is a codon?

A

a triple RNA code

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9
Q

how many possible codons are there?

A

64

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10
Q

what are the 2 types of codons? how many of the 64 are each?

A
  • 3 stop codons
  • 61 sense codons (termination codon)
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11
Q

what does it mean if the genetic code is “degenerate”?

A

more than one codon may specify a particular amino acid

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12
Q

why must codons be read in the correct reading frame?

A

Codons must be read in the correct reading frame (correct groupings) in order for the specified polypeptide to be produced

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13
Q

what did watson discover about DNA?

A

DNA was a double helix

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14
Q

what did watson and crick do in the discovery of DNA?

A

Built models of a double helix to conform to the X-rays and chemistry of DNA

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15
Q

what did franklin discover about DNA?

A

Two outer sugar-phosphate backbones, with the nitrogenous bases paired in the molecule’s interior

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16
Q

what model did watson build?

A

built a model in which the backbones were antiparallel (their subunits run in opposite directions)

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17
Q

what is the chemical strcture of DNA?

A
  • A DNA molecule is a double helix with two polynucleotide chains held together by hydrogen bonds between specific complementary base pairs.
  • sugar phosphate backbone
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18
Q

what is Chargaff’s rule?

A

in any organism the amount of A = T, and the amount of G = C

19
Q

what are the 2 possible base pairings?

A
  • enine (A) paired only with thymine (T)
  • guanine (G) paired only with cytosine (C)
20
Q

what are the 4 nucleobases of RNA?

A
  • cytosine (C)
  • guanine (G)
  • adenine (A)
  • uracil (U)
21
Q

what are the 3 steps to DNA replication?

A

1) perental molecule
2) seperation of perental strands into template
3) formation of new strands complimentary to template strands

22
Q

what are the 5 steps to how DNA replication starts?

A
  • Primase starts an RNA chain by making the primer.
  • A primer is short (5–10 nucleotides long), and the 3′ end serves as the starting point for the new DNA strand.
  • It attaches to the template and adds RNA nucleotides one at a time with the parental DNA as a template
  • DNA polymerases catalyze the elongation of new DNA
23
Q

what is the rate of elongation in bacteria?

A

500 nucleotides per second

24
Q

what is the rate of elongation in human cells?

A

50 nucleotides per second

25
Q

how is the leading strand synthesized?

A

continuously

26
Q

how is the lagging strand synthesized?

A

discontinuously in Okazaki fragments

27
Q

what is the transcription unit?

A

The stretch of DNA that is transcribed is called a transcription unit:
- it includes a promoter
- an RNA-coding region
- a terminator.

28
Q

what is the promoter?

A

The DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches

29
Q

what is the terminator?

A

In bacteria, the sequence signaling the end of transcription

30
Q

what are the 3 stages to transcription?

A
  1. initiation
  2. elongation
  3. termination
31
Q

what is RNA processing?

A

Eukaryotic cells modify RNA after transcription

32
Q

what is RNA splicing?

A

removes introns and joins exons, creating an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence

33
Q

what is alternative splicing?

A

alternative splicing increases the complexity of the proteome that can be generated from the available genome sequences.

34
Q

genetic information flows from mRNA to protein through the process of …

A

translation

35
Q

what are the 3 properties of RNA that enable it to function in translation?

A
  • It can form a three-dimensional structure because of its ability to base-pair with itself
  • Some bases in RNA contain functional groups that may participate in catalysis
  • RNA may hydrogen-bond with other nucleic acid molecules
36
Q

what are the 2 steps to translation?

A
  • A correct match between a tRNA and an amino acid, done by the enzyme aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
  • A correct match between the tRNA anticodon and an mRNA codon
37
Q

what ar ethe 2 ribsomal subunits made of?

A

proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

38
Q

what are the 2 ribosomal subunits? what are there functions?

A
  • Small subunit information processing (where the mRNA attaches).
  • Large subunit contains catalytic site forming bonds between amino acids.
39
Q

what is the function of the P site?

A

holds the tRNA that carries the growing polypeptide chain

40
Q

what is the function of the E site?

A

discharged tRNA leaves

41
Q

what is the function of the A site?

A

holds the tRNA that carries the next amino acid

42
Q

what are mutations?

A

alterations in the DNA sequence

43
Q

what are the 2 main types of mutations?

A
  • base substitutions
  • insertions and deletions

[Y1] BBoL (13 decks)

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