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Funda Flashcards

1
Q

is the totality of services offered by all health discipline.

A

HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM

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2
Q

The major purpose of a health care delivery system was:

A

to provide care to
people who were ill or
injured

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3
Q

Consists of health promotion and illness prevention

A

PRIMARY PREVENTION

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4
Q

consists of diagnosis and treatment

A

SECONDARY PREVENTION

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5
Q

consists of rehabilitation, health restoration and palliative

A

TERTIARY PREVENTION

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6
Q

WHO developed a project called

A

Healthy People

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7
Q

The current US DOH and Human Services (2020) that evolved the original work is called

A

Healthy People 2020

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8
Q

Healthy People 2020 has four overcharging goals:

A

Increase quality and years of healthy life

Achieve health equity and eliminate health disparities

Create healthy environments for everyone

Promote health and quality life across the life span

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9
Q

Primary prevention programs address areas such as:

A

adequate and proper nutrition

Weight control and exercise

Stress reduction

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10
Q

Health promotion activities emphasize the important role clients play in

A

maintaining their own health and encourage them to maintain the highest level of wellness they can achieve.

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11
Q

Illness prevention programs may be directed at the client or the community and involves such practices as:

A

Providing immunizations,

Identifying risk factors for illnesses

Helping people take measures to prevent these illness from occurring: smoking cessation

Environmental programs : decrease air pollution

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12
Q

Is the largest segment of health care services

A

SECONDARY PREVENTION (diagnosis and treatment)

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13
Q

have been the major agencies offering these services.

A

Hospital and physicians’ offices

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14
Q

Hospitals continue to focus significant resources on clients who

A

require emergency, intensive, and around-the-clock acute care.

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15
Q

There are freestanding diagnostic and treatment facilities evolved and served:

A

magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) and radiologic diagnostic procedures

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16
Q

Early detection of diseases through routine screening of population, services include:

A

Regular dental exams from childhood throughout life

Bone densities studies of women at menopause to evaluate early osteoporosis

Clinics to provide mammograms and education for early detection of breast cancer

Voluntary HIV testing and counseling
Screening for cholesterol and high blood pressure

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17
Q

The goal is to help people move to their previous level of health or the highest level they are capable of given their current health status.

A

TERTIARY PREVENTION (Rehabilitation, health restoration, and palliative care)

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18
Q

Studies the structure of the cell and the component
parts; the detailed study of man.

A

THE ATOMISTIC APPROACH

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19
Q

− Views man as an organism composed of different
systems, each system composed of organs and each
organ made up of tissue cells.

A

THE ATOMISTIC APPROACH

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20
Q

Provides fundamental framework on which one can
base his perception/observation of the total behavior
of man in relation to society

A

THE HOLISTIC APPROACH

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21
Q

Traces patterns of man’s relationship with other
beings in the supersystem of society.

A

THE HOLISTIC APPROACH

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22
Q

Views man as a whole organism with interrelated
and interdependent parts functioning to produce
behavior unacceptable to him or to society.

A

THE HOLISTIC APPROACH

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23
Q

Man is a living organism who from birth destined to
die

A

MAN AS A BIOLOGICAL BEING

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24
Q

Because the cells, organs, and systems are found
within the individual, they comprise the subordinate
system of man; while

A

MAN AS A BIOLOGICAL BEING

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25
Q

The family, community and society consist of bigger
units of man called

A

superordinate system.

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26
Q

of man is important in
carrying out daily activities vital to survival

A

The subordinate system

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27
Q

provides man with the
necessary framework of relationships which links him
to the family, community and the society.

A

The subordinate system

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28
Q

− Man normally responds as a

A

unified whole

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29
Q

Man as a whole is different from and more than the
sum of his component parts.

− Refers to those observable features and actions that
reflect man’s functioning as a unified whole within the
environment in which he exists.

A

ORGANISMIC BEHAVIOR

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30
Q

Man is an

A

open system

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31
Q

He is composed of subsystems which acts as
unified whole; therefore, what affects one subsystem
affects the other subsystem/s within the set.

A

MAN AS A SYSTEM

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32
Q

Man is “a unique irreplaceable individual, a onetime being in this world”.

A

MAN AS A PSYCHOSOCIAL BEING

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33
Q

Man, the psychosocial being is capable of rational,
logical thinking most of the time but can be irrational
and illogical

A

MAN AS A PSYCHOSOCIAL BEING

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34
Q

In the development of human beings, all three factors
are very important.

A

“Man as psychological, biological and social
being.”

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35
Q

− Humans are bipedal primates (Latin: “wise man” or
“knowing man”).
− Humans are capable of abstract reasoning, language,
and introspection.

A

MAN AS BIOLOGICAL BEING

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36
Q

is the central part of human body.

A

Brain

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37
Q

controls different mechanisms like
secretions of hormones, motivation and moods, etc.

A

Hypothalamus

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38
Q

include the inherited characters,
that help in the development of human beings.

A

Biological factors

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39
Q

Some characters are inherited in humans like
aggression, feelings, attitudes, behavior, emotions,
height, color and so on

A

MAN AS BIOLOGICAL BEING

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40
Q

The brain perceives the external world through
senses, and each individual is influenced by his or her
experiences, leading to a

A

subjective view of
existence

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41
Q

Humans are variously said to possess

A

consciousness, self-awareness

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42
Q

Humans are social by nature and adept at utilizing
systems of communication for self-expression, the
exchange of ideas and organization

A

MAN AS SOCIAL BEING

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43
Q

Humans create complex social structures
composed of cooperating and competing groups,
ranging from small families and partnership to
political, scientific and economic unions.

A

MAN AS SOCIAL BEING

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44
Q

Social interactions have established a wide variety of
traditions, rituals, ethics, values, social norms, and
laws which form the basis of human society.

A

MAN AS SOCIAL BEING

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45
Q

Man cooperates with the social nexus and gives a
certain measure of his own efforts to fulfill the needs
of others; in return he benefits from the efforts of
others in order to fulfill his own needs.

A

MAN AS SOCIAL BEING

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46
Q

The presence and absence of disease.

A

HEALTH

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47
Q

A state of being well and using every power the
individual possesses to the fullest extent (Nightingale, 1969)

A

HEALTH

48
Q

A state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing, and not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity (WHO, 1948)

A

HEALTH

49
Q

is the ability to maintain normal roles (Talcott
Parsons, 1951).

A

HEALTH

50
Q

is not a condition. It is an adjustment. It is not
a state but a process. That process adapts the
individual not only to physical but also our social
environment (President’s Commission, 1953).

A

HEALTH

51
Q

A dynamic state of being in which the developmental
and behavioral potential of an individual is realized to
the fullest extent possible (ANA, 1980).

A

HEALTH

52
Q

A state of well-being. It includes the:

A

Self-responsibility
→ A dynamic growing process
→ Daily decision making in the areas of nutrition
→ Stress management
→ Preventive health care
→ An ultimate goal
→ Physical fitness
→ Emotional health
− The whole being of the individual

53
Q

7 COMPONENTS OF WELLNESS

A

PHYSICAL
SOCIAL
SPIRITUAL
EMOTIONAL
INTELLECTUAL
OCCUPATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL

54
Q

Ability to carry out daily tasks, achieve fitness,
adequate nutrition and proper body fat, avoid abusing
drugs and alcohol or using tobacco products, and
generally to practice positive lifestyle habits.

A

PHYSICAL

55
Q

-Ability to interact with people and within the
environment of which each person is a part.

− Develop and maintain intimacy with significant others,
and to develop respect and tolerance for those with
different opinions and beliefs

A

SOCIAL

56
Q

-Ability to learn stress and to express emotions
appropriately.

− Ability to recognize, accept, and express feelings and
to accept one’s limitations.

A

EMOTIONAL

57
Q

− Ability to learn and use information effectively for
personal, family, and career development.

− Striving for continued growth and learning to deal with
new challenges effectively.

A

INTELLECTUAL

58
Q

− Belief’s in some force (nature, science, religion or
higher power) that serves to unite human beings and
provide meaning and purpose to life.

− A person’s own moral, values and ethics.

A

SPIRITUAL

59
Q

− Ability to achieve a balance between work and
leisure.

− Beliefs about education, employment, and home
influence personal satisfaction and relationship with
others.

A

OCCUPATIONAL

60
Q

− Ability to promote health measures to improve the
standard of living and quality of life in the community.

− Includes influences such as food, water and air.

A

ENVIRONMENTAL

61
Q

− Health is the absence of disease or injury; state of
not being sick.

− In this model, the opposite of health is disease or
injury.

− When signs and symptoms are no longer present, the
medical practitioner considers the individual’s health
restored.

A

CLINICAL MODEL

62
Q

− Health is individual’s ability to fulfill societal roles;
to perform work.

− People who fulfill their roles are healthy even if they
appear clinically ill.

− Sickness is the inability to perform one’s work

A

ROLE PERFORMANCE MODEL

63
Q

− Focus is adaptation and stability.

− Health is a creative process; disease is a failure in
adaptation or maladaptation.

A

ADAPTIVE MODEL

64
Q

− Aim is to restore the ability of the person to adapt, to
cope.

− In this model, extreme good health is flexible
adaptation to the environmental and interaction
with the environment to maximum advantage.

− By Sister Callista Roy’s Adaptation Model of Nursing.

A

ADAPTIVE MODEL

65
Q

− Health is a condition of actualization or realization
of a person’s potential.

− Actualization is the apex of the fully developed
personality, described by Abraham Maslow.

A

EUDEMONISTIC MODEL

66
Q

− The highest aspiration of people is fulfillment and
complete development, which is actualization.

− Illness prevents actualization

A

EUDEMONISTIC MODEL

67
Q

− Also called the ECOLOGIC model.

− Predicting illness rather than in promoting wellness

A

AGENT–HOST–ENVIRONMENT MODEL

68
Q

− But identification of risk factors that result from the
interactions of agent, host and environment are
helpful in promoting and maintaining health.

− Has 3 dynamic interactive elements:

A

AGENT–HOST–ENVIRONMENT MODEL

69
Q

Any environmental factor or stressor that by its
presence or absence can lead to illness or disease.

A

AGENT

70
Q

Person(s) who may or may not be at risk of
acquiring a disease. Family history, age, lifestyle habits
influence the host’s reaction.

A

HOST

71
Q

All factors external to the host that may
or may not predispose the person to the development of
disease.

A

ENVIRONMENT

72
Q

− Can be used to measure a person’s perceived level
of wellness.
− Health and illness/disease can be viewed as the
opposite ends of health continuum.

A

HEALTH–ILLNESS CONTINUA

73
Q

− From a high level of health, a person’s condition can
move through good health, normal health, poor
health, and extremely poor health.

A

HEALTH–ILLNESS CONTINUA

74
Q

− A health grid in which a health axis and an
environmental axis intersect.

− Demonstrates the interaction of the environment with
the illness-wellness continuum.

A

DUNN’S HIGH-LEVEL WELLNESS GRID

75
Q

− The health axis extends from peak wellness to death,
and the environmental axis extends from favorable to
very unfavorable

A

DUNN’S HIGH-LEVEL WELLNESS GRID

76
Q

− Ranges from high-level wellness to premature death
− Illustrates two arrows pointing in opposite directions
and joined at a neutral point.

A

TRAVIS’S ILLNESS-WELLNESS CONTINUUM

77
Q

− Movement to the right of the neutral point indicates
increasing levels of health and well-being for an
individual.

−This indicates three steps: A) awareness B) education
& C) growth

− Movement to the left indicates progressively
decreasing levels of health.

A

TRAVIS’S ILLNESS-WELLNESS CONTINUUM

78
Q

Genetic makeup, sex, age, and developmental level
all significantly influence a person’s health.

A

BIOLOGICAL DIMENSION

79
Q

− Psychologic (emotional) factors influencing health
includes mind-body interactions and self-concept.

− Self-concept is how a person feels about self and
perceives the physical self, needs, roles and abilities.

A

PSYCHOLOGIC DIMENSION

80
Q

− Cognitive intellectual factors influencing health
include lifestyle choices and spiritual and religious
beliefs.

− Lifestyles refers to person’s general way of living,
including living conditions and patterns of behavior.

− Spiritual and religious beliefs

A

COGNITIVE DIMENSION

81
Q

− Geographical location determines climate, and
climate affects health.
− Another environmental hazard is radiation and
greenhouse effects.
− Pesticides and chemicals used to control weeds and
plant diseases are harmful to health.

A

ENVIRONMENTAL

82
Q

INTERNAL VARIABLES

A

BIOLOGICAL DIMENSION
PSYCHOLOGIC DIMENSION
COGNITIVE DIMENSION

83
Q

EXTERNAL VARIABLES

A

ENVIRONMENTAL
STANDARDS OF LIVING’
FAMILY AND CULTURAL BELIEFS
SOCIAL SUPPORT NETWORK

84
Q

− It reflects occupation, income and education.
− It is related to health, morbidity and mortality.
− Hygiene, food habits, and the tendency to seek health
care advice and follow health regimens vary among
high-income and low-income groups.

A

STANDARDS OF LIVING

85
Q

− The families pass on patterns of daily living and
lifestyles to offspring.
− Cultural & social interactions also influence how a
person perceives, experiences and copes with health
and illness

A

FAMILY AND CULTURAL BELIEFS

86
Q

− Having a support network (family, friends or a
confidant) and job satisfaction help people avoid
illness.
− Support people also help the person confirm that
illness exist.

A

SOCIAL SUPPORT NETWORK

87
Q

− Is a highly personal state in which the person’s
physical, emotional, intellectual, social,
developmental or spiritual functioning is thought to be
diminished.

− Is highly subjective; only the person can say he or she
is ill.

A

ILLNESS

88
Q

− Can be described as an alteration in body functions
resulting in a reduction of capacities or a shortening
of the normal life span.

A

DISEASE

89
Q

− Characterized by severe symptoms of relatively short
duration.
− Symptoms appears abruptly and subside quickly
depending on the cause.
− May or may not require interventions by health care
professionals.

A

ACUTE ILLNESS

90
Q

− Is one that lasts for an extended period, usually 6
months or longer.
− Usually have a slow onset and often have periods of:

A

CHRONIC ILLNESS

91
Q

when the symptoms disappear.

A

Remission

92
Q

when the symptoms reappear

A

Exacerbation

93
Q

− Person comes to believe something is wrong.
− Either someone significant will tell that the person
looks unwell, or they experience some symptoms like
pain, rash, cough, fever, or bleeding

A

SYMPTOMS EXPERIENCE

94
Q

− The unwell person usually consults others about the
symptoms or feelings.
− The sick person may try home remedies.

A

SYMPTOMS EXPERIENCE

95
Q

− Person now accepts the sick role and seeks
confirmation from family and friends.
− Often person continue with self-treatment and delay
contact with physician.

A

ASSUMPTION OF SICK ROLE

96
Q

− Person may excuse from normal duties and role
expectations.
− When symptoms of illness persist or increase, the
person is motivated to seek professional help.

A

ASSUMPTION OF SICK ROLE

97
Q

− Sick person seeks the advice of a health professional
either on their own initiative or at the urging significant
others.
− The health professional may determine that the client
does not have an illness or that an illness is present.
− The client may accept or deny the diagnosis

A

MEDICAL CARE CONTACT

98
Q

− After accepting the illness and seeking treatment, the
client becomes dependent on the professional help.
− Most people accept their dependence on the
physician, although they retain varying degrees of
control over their own lives.
− Others prefer that the physician proceed with
treatment and do not request additional information

A

DEPENDENT CLIENT ROLE

99
Q

− The client is expected to relinquish the dependent role
and resume former roles and responsibilities.
− For people with acute illness – illness is short and
recovery is usually rapid, & return to former lifestyles.

A

RECOVERY OR REHABILITATION

100
Q

− For people with long-term illness – find recovery more
difficult.
− For client with permanent disability – may require
therapy to learn major adjustments in functioning.

A

RECOVERY OR REHABILITATION

101
Q

The totality of services offered by all health discipline.

A

HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM

102
Q

Consists of health promotion and illness
prevention

A

PRIMARY PREVENTION

103
Q

WHO developed a project called

A

Healthy People

104
Q

− Primary prevention programs address areas such as:

A

→ Adequate and proper nutrition.
→ Weight control and exercise.
→ Stress reduction.

105
Q

The current US DOH and Human Services (2020)
that evolved the original work is called Healthy People
2020 and has four overcharging goals:

A

→ Increase quality and years of healthy life.
→ Achieve health equity and eliminate health
disparities,
→ Create healthy environments for everyone.
→ Promote health and quality life across the life
span.

106
Q

Health promotion activities emphasize the important

A

role clients play in maintaining their own health

107
Q

Illness prevention programs may be directed at the
client or the community and involves such practices
as:

A

→ Providing immunizations.
→ Identifying risk factors for illness.
→ Helping people take measures to prevent these
illnesses from occurring: smoking cessation.
→ Environmental programs: decrease air pollution.

108
Q

Consists of diagnosis and treatment.
− Largest segment of health care services.

A

SECONDARY PREVENTION

109
Q

− Hospital and physician’s offices have been the major
agencies offering these services.
− Hospital continue to focus significant resources on
clients who require emergency, intensive, and
around–the–clock acute care

A

SECONDARY PREVENTION

110
Q

Early detection of diseases through routine screening
of population, services include:

A

→ Regular dental exams from childhood throughout
life.
→ Bone densities studies of women at menopause
to evaluate early osteoporosis.
→ Clinics to provide mammograms and education
for early detection of breast cancer.
→ Voluntary HIV testing and counselling.
→ Screening for cholesterol and high blood
pressure.

111
Q

-Consists of rehabilitation, health restoration, and
palliative care.
− The goal is to help people move to their previous level
of health or the highest level they are capable of given
their current health status.

A

TERTIARY PREVENTION

112
Q

emphasizes the importance of
assisting clients to function adequately in the
physical, mental, social, economic, and vocational
areas of their lives.

A

Rehabilitative care

113
Q

may begin in the hospital, but will
eventually lead clients back into the community for
further treatment and follow up.

A

Rehabilitation

114
Q

an
outreach program that follows individuals with mental
disorders in the community.

A

mental health prevention

115
Q

providing comfort and treatment for
symptoms, end–of–life care may be conducted in
many settings, including the home.

A

Palliative care

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