Gait

Question 1

What are the two major gaits?

Answer 1

Walking and running

Question 2

Which phase of the walking gait cycle takes up 60%?

Answer 2

Stance phase

Question 3

Which phase takes up 40% of the walking gait cycle?

Answer 3

Swing phase

Question 4

Which steps make up the double support phase of the stance phase?

Answer 4

Initial contact (A), loading response (B) and pre-swing (E)

Question 5

Which step makes up the single support phase of the stance phase?

Answer 5

Mild stance (C), terminal stance (D)

Question 6

True or false: The swing phase only has single support phases

Answer 6

True

Question 7

What are the steps of swing phase?

Answer 7

Initial swing (F), mid swing (G), terminal swing (H)

Question 8

During the gait cycle, the lower limb muscles must _________ the body forward by generating _________ motions of the limb segments and __________ body weight that produce unwanted torques at some of the lower limb joints

Answer 8

Propel; angular; support

Question 9

What is the largest joint motions in the sagittal plane?

Answer 9

Flexion/extension

Question 10

What joint motions occur in the coronal plane?

Answer 10

Abduction/adduction

Question 11

What joint motions occur in the transverse plane?

Answer 11

Medial/lateral rotation

Question 12

What muscle groups are involved in the steps A and B?

Answer 12

Ankle dorsiflexors (tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis, digitorum longus), hip extensors (gluteus maximus, hamstrings), knee extensors (vastus group) and plantarflexors (triceps surae)

Question 13

Which muscle groups are involved in steps C to E?

Answer 13

Plantarflexors (triceps surae, tibialis posterior, digital flexors, fibularis l/b), intrinsic foot muscles (plantar), hip flexors, ankle dorsiflexors

Question 14

Which muscle groups are involved in steps F to H?

Answer 14

Hip flexors (rectus femoris, iliopsoas), knee flexors (hamstrings), ankle dorsiflexors, hip adductors (keep swing leg close to stance leg)

Question 15

What role do hip abductors have in the stance phase?

Answer 15

Oppose hip adduction during single support phase

Question 16

During stance phase, the hip rotates ____________ and during swing phase, the hip rotates ______________

Answer 16

Medially; laterally

Question 17

What characterizes abnormal gaits?

Answer 17

May be temporary, may be unilateral or bilateral, may affect timing of gait cycle events

Question 18

What happens if gluteus maximus is paralyzed and what is the compensation?

Answer 18

No control of hip flexion
Shift trunk posteriorly, moving GRF line of action posterior to the hip joint

Question 19

What happens if hip abductors are paralyzed and what is the compensation?

Answer 19

Loss of control of contralateral drop of the pelvis
Shift trunk over the stance leg

Question 20

What is the Trendelenburg gait?

Answer 20

Lateral shift of trunk over the stance leg and excessive pelvic drop

Question 21

What happens if the quadriceps are paralyzed and what is the compensation?

Answer 21

Prevents smooth control of knee flexion
Shift trunk forward over the stance leg

Question 22

What happens if ankle dorsiflexors are paralyzed and what is the compensation?

Answer 22

Prevents smooth control of plantarflexion leading to foot slap
Exaggerate knee and hip flexion; shift to striking ground with midfoot