Gait

Question 1

Human locomotion systems

Answer 1

Basal ganglia- initiation and termination of activity
Cerebellum- timing, step length, coordination
Mesencephalic, cerebellar and subthalamic locomotor region

Question 2

Descending tracts

Answer 2

Reticulospinal- swing and stance
Vestibulospinal- stance
Corticospinal- more during swing
Rubrospinal- more during swing

Question 3

Phase 1 of gait

Answer 3

Initial contact

Heel strike, hip flexed, knee extended, ankle dorsiflexed

Question 4

Phase 2 of gait

Answer 4

Loading response
Double stance period
Foot in contact with floor continues until other foot is lifted for swing
Body weight on forward foot

Question 5

Phase 3 of gait

Answer 5

Mid stance
Single limb support
Back foot moves through swing

Question 6

Phase 4 of gait

Answer 6

Terminal stance
Back foot’s heel rises until forward foot hits the ground
Back leg in trailing position- stretches hip flexors and ankle GTO’s for propulsion force

Question 7

Phase 5 of gait

Answer 7

Pre swing
Contact of forward foot
Back foot toe off- plantar flexion, knee flexion

Question 8

Phase 6 of gait

Answer 8

Initial swing
Back foot lifts and swings to opposite forward foot
Back leg- hip flexion, knee flexion, ankle dorsiflexion to clear floor

Question 9

Phase 7 of gait

Answer 9

Mid swing

Back foot now swinging infront of body- hip flexion, knee extends, ankle dorsiflexion

Question 10

Phase 8 of gait

Answer 10

Terminal swing
Back foot now front foot, contacts ground.
Knee extension, hip flexion, ankle dorsiflexion to neutral

Question 11

Three essential components of walking

Answer 11

Propulsion- coordination of legs and trunk, generate, maintain and terminate basic locomotor cycle
Postural control- respond to perturbations, environmental conditions, maintain dynamic stability
Adaptation- modulating locomotor pattern to achieve goals e.g. changing speed and direction to meet demands of terrain or avoid obstacles