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BIOL2045 Vertebrate Development > Gametogenesis > Flashcards

Gametogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 main cell types are found in an organism?

A

Somatic cells (body cells)
Germ cells (sex cells)

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2
Q

What is the importance of germ cells?

A

Meiosis
Gametogenesis
Genes may be transmitted

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3
Q

What is the importance of somatic cells?

A

Mitosis
Keeps germ cells alive
DNA here will be lost

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4
Q

Where are germ cells found?

A

Sex organ (gonads) - primary reproductive organ

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5
Q

What is the male reproductive organ?

A

Testes

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6
Q

What is the female reproductive organ?

A

Ovaries

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7
Q

Where are the germ cells produced?

A

Sperm cells in testes
Oocytes in ovaries

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8
Q

Where in the testes are the sperm cells produced?

A

Within seminiferous tubules

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9
Q

Where in the ovaries are oocytes produced?

A

Oocytes contain within follicles (primordial through to Grafian)

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10
Q

How are germ cells separated from somatic cells?

A

Different time points for different organisms.
Somatic cells can function as stem cells and differentiate into germ cells throughout life.
Example - Tunicates, Crideria and planeria
Germ cells form at specific time and early on development.
Migrate to gonads later on development.

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11
Q

How are germ cells separated from somatic cells?

A

Different time points for different organisms.
Somatic cells can function as stem cells and differentiate into germ cells throughout life.
Example - Tunicates, Crideria, and planaria
Germ cells form at a specific time and early on in development.
Migrate to gonads later on in development.

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12
Q

What are the 4 proteins that define germ cells?

A

Vick - Vasa
Nicked - Nanos
Ten - Tudor
Pizzas - Piwi
- highly conserved
Expression of the 4 proteins defines how these germ cell form.

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13
Q

What is the function of vasa proteins?

A

Bind to mRNA
Increase translation efficiency of germ cells specific efficiency

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14
Q

What is the function of nanos proteins?

A

Bind to mRNA
Decreases translation efficiency specific messages
Present in somatic cells ( mesoderm/ectoderm/endoderm)

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15
Q

What is the function of Tudo + Piwi proteins?

A

Silence gene transcription
Classical transcription factors

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16
Q

Where does pre-determined (autonomous) formation occur?

A

Nematodes
Insect
Fish
Frogs

17
Q

Where is induced germ cell formation occur?

A

In mammals

18
Q

What is unique about pre-determined (autonomous) formation?

A

No external signal
Germ plasm
Concentration of vasa proteins
Cell fate restricted by germ plasm

19
Q

An example of pre-determined (autonomous) formation?

A

C-elegans (worms)
P cells- P1 to P4
Concentrated in vasa proteins
Destroying P cells- > No germ cells -> Infertile

20
Q

What is germ plasm?

A

Granule containing cytoplasm
Not present in mammals

21
Q

How is germ cell prevented from differentiating into somatic cells?

A

Inhibitors of gene transcription

22
Q

Summaries pre-determined germ cell formation?

A

Sperm fertilises egg
Embryo divides
Early development -small group of cells - earmarked = pre-determined
These become germ cells

23
Q

What is unique about induced germ cell formation?

A

Mammals
Germ cells form later
Vasa/nanos/tudor/ piwi proteins not present in egg
Expression is induced by paracrine molecules from neighbouring cells

24
Q

What is the strongest evidence against pre-determination in humans?

A

Identica twins
2 cell stage
Late division of embryo
If pre-determined -> one will be infertile
We don’t see that

25
Q

When do germ cells appear in mammals?

A

After gastrulation

26
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

Series of cell migrations to positions forming 3 primary layers

27
Q

What are the 3 primary layers?

A

Ectoderm
Endoderm
Mesoderm

28
Q

What is the ectoderm?

A

Outer layer
Skin, brain, NS

29
Q

What is the endoderm?

A

Inner layer
Digestive, respiratory system

30
Q

What is the mesoderm?

A

Middle layer
Muscle, bone, reproductive system, kidneys

31
Q

As the layers migrate is loses…

A

Pluripotency

32
Q

Where do the primordial germ cells in mammals migrate to?

A

Genital Ridge
Not made in the genital ridge

BIOL2045 Vertebrate Development (1 decks)

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