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Biology > Gametogenesis > Flashcards

Gametogenesis Flashcards

Production of gametes

1
Q

What are the primary sex organs responsible for producing gametes in males and females?

A

The testis in males and the ovaries in females, i.e., sperms in male and ovum in female.

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2
Q

What is the process called by which the testis produces sperm?

A

Spermatogenesis

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3
Q

What is the name of the immature male germ cells in the testis?

Spermatogenesis

A

Spermatogonia

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4
Q

What type of cell division do spermatogonia undergo to increase in number? Where are the spermatogonia situated?

Spermatogenesis

A

Undergo mitotic division and are present on the inside wall of the seminiferous tubule.

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5
Q

How many chromosomes does each spermatogonium contain?

Spermatogenesis

A

46 Chromosomes

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6
Q

Which spermatogonia periodically undergo meiosis?

Spermatogenesis

A

Primary spermatocytes. It completes the first meiotic division (reduction division).

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7
Q

What is the result of the first meiotic division in spermatogenesis?

Spermatogenesis

A

Formation of two equal, haploid cells called secondary spermatocytes.

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8
Q

How many chromosomes do secondary spermatocytes have?

Spermatogenesis

A

23 Chromosomes each

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9
Q

What is the final product of spermatogenesis?

Spermatogenesis

A

Four equal, haploid spermatids.

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10
Q

Number of chromosimes in the spermatids?

Spermatogenesis

A

23 Choromosomes

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11
Q

What is the process called by which spermatids are transformed into spermatozoa (sperm)?

Spermatogenesis

A

Spermiogenesis

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12
Q

What happenes after spermiogenesis?

Spermatogenesis

A

The sperm heads becoms embedded in the Sertoli cells, and are finally released from the seminiferous tubules by the process called spermiation.

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13
Q

What stimulates the process of spermatogenesis at puberty?

Spermatogenesis

A

Increased secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

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14
Q

Where does this GnRH hormone act?

A

The GnRH increases and then acts at the anterior pituitary gland stimulating some gonadotropins.

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15
Q

What type of hormone is GnRH?

A

Hypothalamic hormone

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16
Q

What are the two gonadotropins secreted in response to GnRH?

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

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17
Q

What is the function of LH in spermatogenesis?

Spermatogenesis

A

LH acts on the Leydig cells stimulates synthesis and secretion of androgens. Those andrgens in turn stimulate the process of spermatogenesis.

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18
Q

What is the function of FSH in spermatogenesis?

Spermatogenesis

A

FSH acts on the Sertoli cells and stimulates secretion of factors that help in spermiogenesis.

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19
Q

What are the components of a mature sperm?

Spermatogenesis

A

Head, neck, middle piece, and tail. A plasma membrane envelops the hwole body of sperm.

20
Q

What does the head of sperm contain?

Spermatogenesis

A

An elongated haploid nucleus, the anterior portion of which is covered by a cap-like structure, acrosome.

21
Q

What is the function of the acrosome in sperm?

Spermatogenesis

A

The acrosome contains enzymes that aid in fertilization of the ovum.

22
Q

What is the function of the middle piece in a sperm?

Spermatogenesis

A

It possesses numerous mitochondria, which produce energy for the movement of tail that facilitate sperm motility essential for fertilization.

23
Q

How many sperm does a human male ejaculate during coitus?

Spermatogenesis

A

About 200 to 300 million sperm.

24
Q

What percentage of sperm must have normal shape and size for normal fertility?

Spermatogenesis

A

At least 60%.

25
Q

What percentage of sperm must show vigorous motility for normal fertility?

Spermatogenesis

A

At least 40%

26
Q

What is the collective term for the accessory ducts that transport sperm?

Spermatogenesis

A

Accessory ducts.

27
Q

Where are the secretions that are essential for the maturation and motility of sperm produced from?

Spermatogenesis

A

The epididymis, vas deferencs, seminal vesicle, and prostate

28
Q

What is the composition of semen?

Spermatogenesis

A

Seminal plasma along with sperm constitutes semen.

29
Q

What are the functions of the male sex accessory ducts and glands?

Spermatogenesis

A

Maintenance of semen and facilitation of sperm maturation and motility.

30
Q

What is the process of formation of mature female gametes called?

A

Oogenesis

31
Q

When does oogenesis begin in female?

Oogenesis

A

During embryonic development.

32
Q

What are the gamete mother cells called in oogenesis?

Oogenesis

A

Oogonia

33
Q

At what stage does oogonia get temporarily arrested?

Oogenesis

A

Prophase 1 of meiotic division called primary oocytes.

34
Q

What surrounds each primary oocyte?

Oogenesis

A

A layer of granulosa cells, forming the primary follicle

35
Q

How many primary follicles are left in each ovary at puberty?

Oogenesis

A

60,000-80,000 primary follicles

36
Q

What surrounds the primary follicles to form secondary follicles?

Oogenesis

A

More layers of granulosa cells and a new theca.

37
Q

After the transformation of secondary follicle into terieary follicle what is the fluid-filled cavity called in a teriary follicle?

Oogenesis

A

Antrum

38
Q

When does the primary oocyte within the teriary follicle complete its first meiotic division?

Oogenesis

A

During the growth stage of the tertiary follicle.

39
Q

What are the characteristics of a tertiary follicle?

Oogenesis

A

It is characterized by a fluid-filled cavity called antrum, with the theca layer organized into an inner theca interna and an outer theca externa.

40
Q

What is the result of the first meiotic division in oogenesis?

Oogenesis

A

Formation of large haploid secondary oocyte and a tiny first polar body.

41
Q

What is the function of the secondary oocyte?

Oogenesis

A

It retains the bulk of the nutrient-rich cytoplasm of the primary oocyte.

42
Q

How would you describe the outcome of the first meiotic division in terms of the size and the secondary oocyte ad the first polar body?

Oogenesis

A

The secondary oocyte is large, while the first polar body is tiny.

43
Q

What is the significance of the tertiary follicle stage in oogenesis?

Oogenesis

A

It marks the completiong of the first meiotic division of the primary oocyte, resulting in the formation aof a secondary oocyte and a first polar body.

44
Q

What does the tertiary follicle change into?

Oogenesis

A

Graffian follicle

45
Q

What membrane surrounds the secondary oocyte?

Oogenesis

A

Zona pellucida

46
Q

What is the process called by which the Graffian follicle ruptures and releases the secondary oocyte?

Oogenesis

A

Ovulation

47
Q

What are the major differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

A

Spermatogenesis produces four equal, haploid sperm, while oogenesis produces one large haploid ovum and smaller polar bodies. Additionally, spermatogenesis is continuous and occurs throughout reproductive life, while oogenesis is a finite process that begins before birth and ends at menopause.

Biology (8 decks)

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