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gas exchange Flashcards

1
Q

what’s flicks law?

A

shows the relationship between the rate of diffusion and the three factors that affect diffusion.

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2
Q

describe and explain three features of gas exchange system to maximise the rate of gas exchange

A

1) large surface area to increase rate of diffusion (more places for molecules to diffuse across the membrane)
2)very thin diffusion pathway, so pathway is short
3)movement of environmental medium to maintain diffusion gradient eg ventilation in air
4)movement of internal medium to maintain diffusion gradient eg blood flowing

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3
Q

what is the outside of an insect called? and what are the properties of it?

A

exoskeleton made of chitin/ waterproof/ impermeable

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4
Q

what are the small pores down an insects thorax and abdomen called?

A

spiracles

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5
Q

explain why the spiracles open and close

A

spiracles open and close using a valve. they open in response to high CO2 concentration/ low oxygen concentration forced open due to abdominal pumping or muscle contraction so that gas exchange can occur. they close to limit water loss

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6
Q

describe the pathway that oxygen must take from the air to the cells of an insect

A

1) the spiracles connect to a network of internal tubes called trachea which are filled with air
2)trachea branch into small tubes called tracheoles
3)the end of the tracheoles are filled with tracheal fluid and are in contact with fluid around the insects cells
4)tracheoles are highly branched extend throughout all body tissues of insect so air is brought directly to respiring tissues

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7
Q

what are the features of the insect gas exchange system that allows for rapid exchange of gases?

A

tracheoles are thin, the tracheal system is highly branched, highly branched so short diffusion distance to cells, can be ventilated by abdominal pumping or muscular contractions to maintain the diffusion gradient for oxygen

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8
Q

what is the name of the polysaccharide that keeps the tracheae open? why is it an advantage to have it

A

chitin
stops it fro collapsing

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9
Q

why is the size of an insect limited?

A

by the relatively slow diffusion of oxygen to cells

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10
Q

if an insect sees a predator how can it rapidly increase the rate of exchange?

A

abdominal pumping , muscle contraction, exercise

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11
Q

abdominal pumping

A

rhythmic contractions of the abdomen compresses the tracheal system this decreases the volume of the tracheal system and increases pressure. this causes the movement out of the spiracles down a pressure gradient. Expels air containing carbon dioxide and brings fresh air in which maintains the oxygen concentration gradient

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12
Q

muscle contraction

A

contraction of muscles during exercise compresses the tracheal system. This decreases the volume of the tracheal system an increases the pressure. this causes movement of air out off the spiracles down a pressure gradient. when the muscles relax, compression stops and air fills the tubes, this maintains the oxygen concentration gradient

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

exercise

A

lactate is produced which is double and lowers the water potential of the muscle cells, air is brought further down tracheloles decreasing diffusion distance and increasing rate of diffusion.

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15
Q

describe how the structure of the insect gas exchange system provides cells with sufficient oxygen and limits water loss

A

1)spiracles tracheae and tracheoles
2)spiracles allow diffusion
3) tracheoles are highly branched so large surface area
4)tracheal walls are thin so short diffusion distance
5) trachole walls are permeable to oxygen/air
6) exoskeleton is impermeable so reduces water loss
7)spiracles can close to reduce water loss

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16
Q

why do fish need a specialised gas exchange system?

A

water contains relatively low concentration of oxygen. it is much denser and more viscous than air

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17
Q

fish have gills which have a humber of adaptations to maximise the amount of oxygen that can be obtained from water

A

1)large surface area to maximise gas exchange (due to filaments and lamelle)
2)blood flow to maintain a concentration gradient
3) thin layers of cells so short diffusion distance
4)countercurrent mechanism
5)ventilation (maintains concentration gradient)

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18
Q

describe the process of ventilation in a fish

A

water that is rich in oxygen enters the mouth of the fish (ducal cavity). the mouth closes the floor of the mouth moves inwards decreasing the volume of the bucal cavity increasing the pressure which forces the water over the surface of the gills then out through the operculum.

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19
Q

explain the adaptions of the fish gills for the rapid exchange of oxygen

A

each gill arch contains many Gil filaments which provide a large surface area for gas exchange. the gill filaments also contain many further folds called lamella have rich blood supply provided by capillaries. the lamellae consist of a thin layer of cells for short diffusion distance for oxygen from water into the blood. counter current mechanism to maintain the concentration gradient along the entire length of gills. movement of external medium using ventilation. movement of internal medium blood flows to replace blood saturated with oxygen with deoxygenated blood from body

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20
Q

what is the countercurrent mechanism?

A

blood flows in opposite direction to water blood that is already loaded with oxygen meets water which has its maximum concentration of oxygen. therefore, diffusion of oxygen from the water into the blood occurs. water that has most of its oxygen removed meets blood that has little oxygen. therefore diffsion of oxygen into the blood occurs. a concentration gradient is present along the entire length of the gill filament. therefore diffusion of oxygen into the blood occurs along the entire length of the gill filament

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21
Q

what’s parallel flow?

A

Parnell flow is where the blood and water flow is in the same direction. water with its highest concentration of oxygen meets blood with its lowest concentration of oxygen and gas exchange occurs. eventually along the length of the gill filaments an equilibrium is reached so no further exchange occurs. this would limit the uptake of oxygen into the blood

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22
Q

why Is the counter currently mechanism is more efficient than a parallel flow current

A

a concentration gradient is present along the entire length of the fish providing a faster rate of diffusion

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23
Q

what metabolic processes occur in the leaf cells?

A

respiration, photosynthesis

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24
Q

why do plants have a lower oxygen requirement than animals?

A

lower metabolic rate, lower rate of aerobic respiration needed as less ATP required

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25
Q

adaptions in plants that allow photosynthesis to occur

A

stomata, large air spaces

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26
Q

stomata

A

pores that allow gases to pass in and out of the leaf. these are numerous so that no cell is far away from stoma so diffusion pathway is short

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27
Q

large air spaces

A

allows gas exchange in the gaseous phase which means diffusion will occur at faster rate. brings gases in contact with mesophyll cells so that exchange can occur

28
Q

how does the process of photosynthesis allow for continuous diffusion of carbon dioxide into the leaf?

A

carbon dioxide is used in photosynthesis so a concentration gradient is established, carbon dioxide defuses from the air into air spaces in the leaf

29
Q

the cross section of a leaf?

A

waxy cutie, upper epidermis, palisade mesophyll tissue, spongy mesoymphyll tissue, lower epidermis, stomata, guard cells

30
Q

why do plants have problems with losing water?

A

water is needed for photosynthesis so is transported to the cells of the leaf. water evaporates from the leaf cells into airspaces. there is more water in the airspaces than in air outside so water vapour diffuses out of the leaf down a diffusion gradient

31
Q

how can plants reduce water losss?

A

the guard cells close the stomata

32
Q

what are xerophytes?

A

plants adapted top dry conditions/ low water availability.

33
Q

hydrophytes

A

plants that are adapted to living in water

34
Q

marram grass

A

in pits to trap water vapour and reduce the diffusion gradient. also reduce air movement across the stomata which reduces evaporation

35
Q

structure of cat

A

sunken stomata, upper epidermis with thick waxy cuticle, lower epidermis, epidermal hairs trap water vapour, curled leaf traps water vapour and lowers exposed surface area

36
Q

adaptions of cacti

A

the spines, dense covering of hairs, thick outer later of wax, storing water in stems

37
Q

the spines

A

the spines on the cats are closely packed and can trap a layer of air that is rich in water vapour next to the plant

38
Q

dense covering of hairs

A

traps water vapour. reduces the chance of wind moving the moist air layer away from around the plant. the spines and stiff hairs on cacti also help to deter animals that try to eat the cats to get the stored water. they also help to block direct sunlight

39
Q

thick outer layer of wax

A

reduces water loss by evaporation

40
Q

storing water in the stems

A

many cacti store water in the stems to maintain a eater supply for photosynthesis

41
Q

why do animals need a lot of oxygen?

A

they have a high metabolic rate

42
Q

where in the body are the lungs located?

A

then thorax

43
Q

what is the surface for gas exchange in mammals?

A

alveolar epithelium

44
Q

what process ensures a fresh supply of oxygen in the lungs?

A

ventilation

45
Q

what are the different types of muscles found in the ribcage?

A

internal intercostal muscles, external intercostal muscles and the diapgrapgh

46
Q

adaptions of the alveoli for gas exchange

A

moist walls- gases dissolve in the moisture helping them to pass across
permeable walls-allows gases to pass through
good blood supply-ensuring oxygen rich blood is taken away from the lungs and carbon dioxide to the lungs

47
Q

adaptions of the gas exchange surface in the lungs

A

many alveoli give a large surface area increased rate of diffusion 2)the walls of the alveoli are made of a single layer of squarmous epithelial cells (flattened) providing a short diffusion pathway 3)the capillary walls are made of squamous endothelial cells (flattened) providing a short diffusion pathway 4)the alveoli are surrounded by many capillaries the circulation of the blood provides a large diffusion gradient 5)good ventilation provides a large diffusion gradient 6) the walls are fully permeable for rapid gas exchange 7)walls contain elastin the alveoli can recall pushing used air out so ventilation can occur

48
Q

describe the movement of oxygen from air into the blood

A

oxygen diffuses down its concentration gradient from inside the alveoli across the alveoli epithelium across the capillary endothelium into the blood

49
Q

why is ventilation important?

A

maintains a large diffusion gradient for CO2 and 02 between air in the lungs and blood in the capillaries

50
Q

what muscles contract and what does this do to the lungs?

A

contraction of external intercostal muscles and diaphragm which moves the ribcage and ventilates the lungs

51
Q

what does the term tidal mean?

A

air coming in and out in tidal pattern

52
Q

inhalation

A

diaphragm contract causing the diaphragm to flatten. external intercostal muscles contract, ib cage moves up and out. volume in thorax increase. pressure in thorax decrease. atmospheric pressure higher than pressure in thorax. Air moves into lungs down a pressure gradient

53
Q

exhalation

A

diaphragm relaxes and diaphragm moves up. external intercostal muscles relax, internal intercostal muscles are relaxed, lung tissue is elastic and so recoils. rib cage moves down and in. volume in thorax decreases. pressure in thorax increases. atmospheric pressure is lower than the pressure in the thorax. air moves out of lungs down pressure gradient alveoli recoil pushing more air out of the lungs

54
Q

exhalation during exercise

A

this is an active process. depth of breathing is increased by internal intercostal muscles contract, this pulls down the rib cage further reducing the volume of the thorax and increases the pressure of the thorax causing air to be forced out

55
Q

ventilation rate

A

the number of breaths per minute

56
Q

oxygen uptake

A

the volume of oxygen absorbed by the lungs in one minute

57
Q

tidal volume

A

the volume of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath, usually meausured at rest

58
Q

spirometer

A

a device that can measure the movement of air into and out of the lungs

59
Q

forced vital capacity

A

the greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath

60
Q

forced expiratory volume

A

the maximum volume of air that can be breathed out in one second

61
Q

how to calculate pulmonary ventilation

A

tidal volume x ventilation rate

62
Q

what is a spirometer

A

can measure the movement of air in and out of the lungs

63
Q

what happens to the total volume of gas in the chamber?

A

decreases over time modern spirometers don’t use a float and gas chamber they use sensors

64
Q

what happens to the carbon dioxide?

A

gets absorbed by the soda lime

65
Q

what process uses up the oxygen?

A

respiration

66
Q

what is the overall effect of lung diseases?

A

obstructive (problems with the airways) restrictive (problems with expanding the lungs)

exchange and transport (4 decks)

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