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BISC 205 > gas exchange/respiration > Flashcards

gas exchange/respiration Flashcards

1
Q

what are the general steps for gas exchange?

A

1) ventilation
2) diffusion at respiratory surface
3) circulation of blood
4) diffusion at tissues
5) cellular respiration

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2
Q

what two respiratory options do fish have and what are their features?

A

open ventilation: moving water through gills by opening + closing mouth and operculum
ram ventilation: moving water through gills by swimming fast

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3
Q

what is the structure of a fish gill?

A

hundreds of gill filaments each comprised of lamellae

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4
Q

what two things do countercurrent exchange accomplish in a fish?

A
  1. establishes a partial pressure gradient between blood and water in the lamellae
  2. establishes a partial pressure difference from the beginning to end of respiration system
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5
Q

what happens to the diaphragm during inhalation and exhalation?

A

inhalation: diaphragm drops, negative pressure is established, volume increases as air enters
exhalation: diaphragm relaxes, volume decreases and pushes air out

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6
Q

what part of the brain regulates breathing?

A

medullary respiratory system (medulla)

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7
Q

what reaction happens when exercising?

A
  • CO2 reacts with water and cerebrospinal fluid to form carbonic acid
  • carbonic acid dissociates into protons and bicarbonate
  • pH drops and neurons signal medulla to increase respiration for more oxygen
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8
Q

what does blood do?

A
  • transports O2/CO2
  • transports nutrients from digestive system to cells
  • moves waste to kidneys and liver
  • delivers hormones to targets
  • delivers immune cells
  • distributes heat
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9
Q

what is the structure of a red blood cell?

A
  • one hemoglobin per cell
  • four iron molecules on each hemoglobin
  • can bind to 4 O2 molecules total
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10
Q

define cooperative binding

A

binding of one oxygen to hemoglobin causes a conformation change that triggers binding of subsequent oxygens

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11
Q

what is the bohr shift?

A

tendency for hemoglobin to release O2 when:
1) Pco2 is high
2) pH is low
3) temperatues are high
4) tissues are under oxygen stress

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12
Q

explain the blood relationship between a fetus and its mother

A
  • O2 affinity in fetus blood&raquo_space; O2 affinity in mother’s blood
  • O2 moved from mother to fetus
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13
Q

what is the role of carbonic anhydrase in the bloodstream?

A
  • catalyzes conversion of CO2 and water to carbonic acid
  • causes bohr shift (causes hemoglobin to drop O2)
  • lowers O2 affinity, favouring movement from tissues to bloodstream
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14
Q

how is CO2 respirated from the blood?

A
  • Pco2 drops
  • bicarbonate turns to carbonic acid
  • CO2 diffuses from blood into alveoli out to lungs
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15
Q

what feature does an open circulation system have?

A
  • pumps blood out into body cavity coming into direction contact with tissues
  • decreases D (thickness for diffusion)
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16
Q

what are the 5 types of blood vessels?

A
  • arteries (tough thick walled, carries O2 away from heart)
  • arterioles
  • capillaries (one cell thick, does gas exchange)
  • venules
  • veins (thin walled, carries CO2 back to heart
17
Q

what does the aorta do and how?

A
  • expands due to high pressure and elasticity to fill with blood from L. ventricle
  • recoils to propel blood out
  • dulls pulses from heart pumps
18
Q

what is the structure of arterioles and how does it help circulation?

A
  • smooth muscles in walls that relax to increase diameter which increases blood flow
  • muscles contract to decrease diameter which adds resistence to blood flow
  • movement of muscles regulated by nervous system signalling
19
Q

what happens to the blood pressure once blood meets the capillaries?

A

blood pressure drops

20
Q

what is the structure of veins?

A
  • thinner walls
  • larger diameter
  • lower BP
  • compressed by surrounding skeletal muscles to increase blood flow
21
Q

what is interstitial fluid leakage and how is it caused?

A
  • leakage of fluid from blood into surrounding areas
  • caused by an outward fluid force in capillaries generated by pressure from heart
  • caused by an inward osmotic force in capillaries created by higher solute concentration in plasma
22
Q

what is the job of the lymphatic system?

A

to drain out lymph (fluid) from interstitial area into veins going back to heart

23
Q

what are the four parts of the heart and their roles?

A
  • right and left atria recieve blood
  • right and left ventricles pump blood out of heart
24
Q

what is the pathway for the pulmonary circuit?

A

vena cava –> right atrium –> tricuspid valve –> right ventricle –> pulmonary valve –> pulmonary artery

25
Q

what is the pathway for the systemic circuit?

A

pulmonary veins –> left atrium –> mitral valve –> left ventricle –> aortic valve –> aorta

26
Q

what are the pressures of the pulmonary and systemic circuits?

A

pulmonary = low pressure
systemic = high pressure

27
Q

what nervous system responses affect circulation?

A
  • parasympathetic system secretes acetylcholine to slow heart rate (less blood)
  • sympathetic system secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine which increases heart rate and cardiac contraction (more blood)
28
Q

what are the components of the electrical signals for the heart?

A

cardiomyocytes (cardiac muscle) and gap junctions

29
Q

what are the steps for a cardiac action potential?

A

1) influx of Na
2) opening of Na voltage gated channels
3) depolarization of membrane
4) Na channels close
5) slow leak Ca channels open (plateau)
6) repolarization (Ca closes, K opens)
7) K channels close

30
Q

what are pacemaker cells and where are they found?

A
  • cells that initiate contraction in vertebrates
  • contracts on their own, provides continuous electrical signaling
  • found in sinoatrial node
31
Q

what are the three phases of a sinoatrial action potential?

A
  • rapid influx of Ca (depolarization)
  • outflux of K (repolarization)
  • slow influx of Na (back to threshold)
32
Q

what are the steps for a heart beat signal?

A

1) SA node creates a signal
2) signal moves to atrium and triggers them to contract and pump blood into ventricles
3) signal moves to atrioventricular valve where it delays to allow ventricles to fill
4) signal moves through walls containing bundle of His fibers (directly connects atria and ventricles b/c no gap junctions)
5) bundle of His passes signal through perjinke fibers (triggers bottom up contraction) causing blood to be ejected
6) ventricles relax

33
Q

what do systole and diastole mean?

A

systole = contraction phase
diastole = relaxation phase

34
Q

what causes the “lub-dub” in a heart?

A

lub: ventricles filling and contracting, causes valve to shut
dub: back flowfrom aorta closes aortic valve

BISC 205 (10 decks)

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