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anatomy exam iii > Gas transport and respiratory disease > Flashcards

Gas transport and respiratory disease Flashcards

1
Q

Molecular O2 is carried in 2 forms

A

1.5% dissolved in plasma

98.5% is bound to iron in HgB In RBCS

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2
Q

O2 is loaded/unloadd by changes in shape of HgB

A

As O2 binds, HgB’s affinity for O2 increases.

As O2 is released, HgB’s affinity for O2 decreases

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3
Q

How many heme groups does a fully saturated HgB molecule have bound to O2?

A

4

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4
Q

How many heme groups does a partially saturated HgB molecule have bound to O2?

A

1-3

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5
Q

The rate of loading and unloading O2 is regulated by

A

PO2, temp, blood pH, pCO2

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6
Q

Arterial blood is

A

98% saturated

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7
Q

Venous blood is

A

75% saturated

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8
Q

Venous reserve

A

substantial amounts of O2 still available in venous blood

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9
Q

CO2 is transported in blood in 3 forms

A

7-10% dissolved in plasma

20% bound to globin of hemoglobin

70% as bicarbonate ions in plasma

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10
Q

CO2 + H20=

A

H2CO3

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11
Q

H2CO3->

A

H+ AND HCO3-

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12
Q

Carbonic Anhydrase

A

enzymes found in RBC that catalyzes above reactions

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13
Q

Bohr Effect

A

enhances O2 delivery when most needed

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14
Q
A
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14
Q

Haldane effect

A

Enhances CO2 delivery for expiration

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15
Q

Respiratory acidosis

A

pH drops, carbonic acid forms, allows CO2 to accumulate

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16
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

A

rapid breaths, depletes CO2, carbonic acid is reduced, pH rises

17
Q

Hypoxia

A

inadequate delivery of O2 to bodys tissues

Symptoms: cyanosis when HbG saturation drops below 75%

18
Q

Anemic hypoxia

A

too few RBC or abnormal RBC

19
Q

Ischemic hypoxia

A

blocked bloodflow

20
Q

Histotoxic hypoxia

A

body cells cant use delivered O2

21
Q

Hypoxemic hypoxia

A

reduced arterial PO2

22
Q

CO poisoning

A

CO outcompetes O2 for heme binding sites

23
Q

Medulla Respiratory centers

A
  1. ventral respiratory group ;RHYTHM GENERATING impulses for inspiration travel along phrenic and intercostal nerves
  2. dorsal respiratory group: INTEGRATION CENTER
24
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

respond to chemical fluctuations in the blood (H+, co2, O2)

25
Q

Hyperventilation

A

increase in rate + depth of breathing

Symptoms: decreased perfusion, numbness, dizziness, fainting

Leads to: reduced levels of CO in blood, vascular constriction

26
Q

Hypothalamic controls

A

strong emotions and pain send signals to the respiratory centers- responses are mediated through the limbic system and hypothalamus

Ex; gasping in shock, breath holding in anger, hyperventilating in excitement

27
Q

Cortical controls

A

taking conscious control of RR. Direct impulses from the cerebral cortex- medullarly controls bypassed.

Ex; voluntary breath holding, VRG will be automatically reinitiated when CO2 conc. reach critical levels

28
Q

Exercise

A

working muscles consume O2, produce CO2

29
Q

Hypernea

A

increased ventilation in response to metabolic needs

30
Q

High altitude

A

metabolic demands are met, despite lower sat of artrial blood

31
Q

ACUTE mountain sickness

A

headaches, SOB, nausea, dizziness

32
Q

Acclimitzation

A

respiratory and hematopoetic adjusetments reduced PO2

33
Q

Emphysema/chronic bronchitis

A

irreversible decrease in ability to force air out of lungs

Emphysema: permanent enlargement of alveoli and pulmonary capillaries, use of accessory muscles, and hyperinflation of lungs.

Chronic bronchitis: chronic, excessive mucus production, inflamed lower resp. tract, obstructed airways, impaired ventilation

Treatments; bronchodilators, corticosteroids, supplemental O2

34
Q

Asthma

A

a short term or reversible chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

symptoms: coughing, dysphnea (labored breathing) wheezing, chest tightness

Acute inflammation of airways proceeds bronchospasms. Airways are inflamed by immune response and thickened with inflammatory exude

Trigger: dust mite, cat,dog,fungi

Treatment: bronchodilators, corticosteroids

35
Q

TB tuberculosis

A

infections caused by mycobacterium tb

bacteria is spread through coughing, enters through inhaled air

Symptoms: fever, night sweat, weight loss, cough, hemopytsis

Treatment: course of long antibiotics

36
Q

Lung cancer

A

leading cause of death in NA

90% linked to smoking

3most common types:
Adenocarcinoma: peripheral lung
Squamous cell cacinoma: bronchial epithelium
Small cell carcinoma: lymphocyte-cell in p[rimary bronchi then metastasize

early detected in CT and early surgery is optional
metastized cancer needs chemo and radiation

37
Q

Sleep apnea

A

temporary ending of breathing during sleep

ppl with sleep apnea wake up often during the night and feel tired

38
Q

Obstructive sleep apnea

A

Collapse of upper airway, musculature of pharynx relaxes during sleep

39
Q

Central sleep apnea

A

reduced drive from brains respiratory centers

Treatment: CPAP

anatomy exam iii (6 decks)

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