Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > GASTROINTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY > Flashcards

GASTROINTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

What is digestion?

A

The processing of food.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two types of digestion?

A

Mechanical (physical) and chemical.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the mechanical digestion involve?

A

Chewing, tearing, grinding, mixing, mashing of the food.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the chemical digestion involve?

A

Catabolic reactions, enzymatic hydrolisis (carbohydrates, protein, lipids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the phases of digestion?

A

Ingestion, movement, digestion, absorption and further digestion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the other name for GI tract?

A

alimentary canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the GI tract?

A

Basically a tube within a tube, a direct link between organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the GI tract consist of?

A

mouth, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejenum, ileum, caecum,
ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum and anus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Accessory structures which are not in the tube path are?

A

Organs. Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall blader, pancreas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the main functions of the mouth?

A

Breakdown of the food begins both chemically and mechanically and mixing food bolus with a lubricant.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe both ways (mechanical and chemical)

A

Mechanically-chewing
Chemically-enzymes from the saliva dissolve food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the lubricant in the mouth?

A

Saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the other name for deglutition?

A

Swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 3 stages of swallowing?

A

Voluntary stage, pharyngeal stage and esophageal stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens in Voluntary stage

A

The food is pushed to the back of the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pharyngeal stage

A

Food is raised, it touches the soft palate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which the bones are important for the pharyngeal stage?

A

Larynx and hyoid bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

esophageal stage

A

Contraction of the pharyngeal muscles, open esophagus and start of peristalsis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the three constriction of oesophagus(jednjak)?

A

Aortic arch, left primary bronchus, diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the oesophagus surrounded by?

A

The SNS plexus and blood vessels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the functions of the oesophagus?

A

Secretes mucus and transports food.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where is the stomach located?

A

On the left side, anterior (in front of) the spleen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Mucous membrane consists of:

A

G cells, Goblet cells, Gastric pit (Oxyntic gland and Parietal cells) and Chief cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are each of their roles?

A
  • G cells – make gastrin
    – Goblet cells – make mucous
    – Gastric pit – Oxyntic gland – Parietal cells – Make HCl
    – Chief cells – Zymogenic cells * Pepsin
  • Gastric lipase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

3 muscles layers of the stomach are?

A

Oblique, circular, longitudinal layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The regions in the stomach are?

A

Cardiac sphincter, Fundus, antrum (pylorus) and the pyloric sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is Rugae?

A

The inner surface thrown into folds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

At what pH do enzymes work best in the stomach?

A

At pH 1-2

29
Q

Functions of the stomach are?

A

Mix food
– Reservoir
– Start digestion of * Protein
* Nucleic acids * Fats
– Activates some enzymes
– Destroy some bacteria
– Makes intrinsic factor – B 12 absorption
– Destroys some bacteria

30
Q

What does the stomach absorb?

A

– Absorbs
* Alcohol
* Water
* Lipophilic acid
* B 12

31
Q

What are the gastric functions?

A

-Storage of food
- mixing and breakdown of food into chyme
- slowly emptying into duodenum for digestion and absorption

32
Q

The Gastric mucousa consists of ?

A

Cardia, fundus, body, antrum, pylorus

33
Q

Major cells that make up CORPUS are:

A
  1. surface epithelial, 2. chief (zymogen), 3. parietal, 4. enterochromaffin-like (ECL)
34
Q

What are each of their functions?

A
  1. mucus, HCO3-
  2. pepsinogen
  3. HCl, intrinsic factor
  4. histamine
35
Q

What are the major cells of the ANTRUM?

A

surface epithelial
chief (zymogen)
G-cells
D-cells

36
Q

What are the roles of G and D cells respectively?

A

Gastrin, somatostatin respectively

37
Q

What does the gastric juice contain?

A

HCl, pepsin, mucus, intrinsic factor

38
Q

HCl

A

conversion of pepsinogen to pepsine
- bacteriostatic effect

39
Q

mucus

A

protective coating, lubricant
- part of gastric mucosal barrier

39
Q

pepsin

A

protein digestion
- replaceable by pancreatic enzymes

39
Q

intrinsic factor

A

binds B12 vitamin, absorption in the ileum
- the only indispensable substance in gastric juice

40
Q

Small intestines- placement

A

Extends from pyloric sphincter to ileocecal valve

40
Q

Regions of small intestines are

A

Duodenum
– Jejenum
– Ileum

41
Q

Movements of small intestines include

A

Segmentation
– Peristalsis

42
Q

HISTOLOGY OF SMALL INTESTINES

A

Intestinal glands – Intestinal enzymes – Duodenal glands – Alkaline mucous
– Paneth cells – Lysozyme
– Microvilli
– Lacteals
– Plica circularis
– Smooth muscle
– Lymphatic tissue – GALT
– Vascular

43
Q

Small intestines absorb:

A

80% ingested water
– Electrolytes
– Vitamins
– Minerals
– Carbonates
* Active/facilitated transport
* Monosaccharides
– Proteins
* Di-/tripeptides
* Amino acids

– Lipids
* Monoglycerides
* Fatty acids
* Micelles
* Chylomicrons

44
Q

Small intestines secret digestive enzymes like:

A

– Peptidases
* Amino-
* Di-
* Tri-
– Sucrases
– Maltase
– Lactase
– Saccharidases
* Di-
* Tri-
– Lipase
– Nucleases

45
Q

What does the small intestine require?

A

pancreatic enzymes & bile to complete digestion

46
Q

What are the 4 functions of the GI tract?

A

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, egestion

47
Q

What is motility?

A

Mechanical breakdown of food, propulsion of food through gut

48
Q

Secretion?

A

Secretion of enzymes, water and ions

49
Q

Who controls the motility and secretion of GI tract?

A

Nervous system and hormones

50
Q

types of contraction are

A

Peristalsis, segmentation, tonic

51
Q

What does peristalsis do?

A

Propels the chyme from proximal to distal

52
Q

What does peristalsis consist of?

A

coordinated contractions and relaxation pushing the chyme ahead of it

53
Q

Tonic Contractions-explain

A

Contractions which can last for minutes or hours.
* Examples are the state of sphincters which are contracted so that chyme is not freely moving along, which means will move only under controlled condition.

54
Q

Why is segmentation important?

A

serve to mix the chyme with the various secretions of the intestines

55
Q

What will segmentation ensure happens?

A

ensures that the chyme comes into contact with the gut wall so that nutrients are absorbed

56
Q

Segmentation is most common where?

A

in the small intestine

57
Q

What are the functions of the large intestine?

A

Absorption of water
 Eliminates indigestible food from the
body as feces
 Does not participate in digestion of food
 Goblet cells produce mucus to act as a lubricant

57
Q

What are the structures of the large intestine?

A

Cecum, appendix, colon, rectum and anus

58
Q

Caecum?

A

saclike first part of the large intestine

59
Q

Appendix?

A

Crvuljak,
Hangs from the cecum

60
Q

What can happen to the appendix

A

Accumulated lymphatic tissue can become inflamed causing appendicitis

61
Q

What are the 4 parts of colon?

A

Ascending
 Transverse
 Descending
 S-shaped sigmoidal

62
Q

What happens in the large intestine, considering food breakdown and absorption ?

A

No digestive enzymes are produced Resident bacteria digest remaining
nutrients
- Produce some vitamin K and B
- Release gases
Water and vitamins K and B are absorbed
Remaining materials are eliminated via feces

63
Q

Propulsion in large intestine- explain

A

Sluggish peristalsis
Mass movements
Slow, powerful movements
Occur three to four times per day

64
Q

Defecation reflex?

A

Presence of feces in the rectum causes a defecation reflex
Internal anal sphincter is relaxed
Defecation occurs with relaxation of the voluntary (external) anal sphincter

Physiology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions