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Anatomy Exam 3 > Gastrointestinal Tract > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Tract Flashcards

1
Q

ORGANS

A

ORGANS

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2
Q

What are the 7 main parts of the GI tract?

A
  • Mouth/Oral cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Large Intestine
  • Small Intestine
  • Rectum/anus
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3
Q

What are the 6 sphincters of the GI tract and where are they located?

A 
Upper Esophageal
-between pharynx and esophagus
Lower Esophageal
-between esophagus and stomach
Pyloric
-between stomach and duodenum
Iliocecal
-between small intestine and cecum (large intestine)
Internal Anal
External Anal
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4
Q

What are the 4 parts of the stomach?

A
  • Cardia
  • Fundus
  • Body
  • Pylorus
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5
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the small intestine?

A
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
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6
Q

What are the 3 structures located above the duodenum?

A
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Pancreas
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7
Q

What is the duodenojejunal flexure?

A

The 90° junction between the duodenum and jejunum (suspensory muscle)

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8
Q

What are the 6 main parts of the large intestine?

A
  • Cecum/Appendix
  • Ascending Colon
  • Transverse Colon
  • Descending Colon
  • Sigmoid Colon
  • Rectum
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9
Q

What is the function of the mucosa/submucosa?

A

Contains goblet cells which secrete mucus throughout the GI tract.

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10
Q

Where are the salivary glands located?

A

oral cavity

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11
Q

Where is gastric juice located?

A

stomach

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12
Q

The liver and the pancreas secrete what into the duodenum?

A
  • Liver=bile

- Pancreas=pancreatic juice

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13
Q

What are the two parts of the muscular wall of the gut tube?

A
  • Circular muscle layer

- Longitudinal muscle layer

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14
Q

Explain the function of the circular and longitudinal muscle layers.

A

The circular layer will contract behind the bolus to keep it from moving backward. The longitudinal relaxes and lengthens to pull the bolus forward. This is called peristalsis.

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15
Q

The gut has its own nervous system, what is it called?

A

Enteric nervous system

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16
Q

What are the 2 plexus of the gut tube?

A
  • Submucosal plexus

- Myenteric plexus

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17
Q
  • What does the submucosal plexus control?

- What does the myenteric plexus control?

A
  • Controls secretion from the glands in the mucosa

- Controls contraction of circular and longitudinal muscles

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18
Q

What else is involved in nervous control of the gut tube and what do they do to secretion and contraction?

A

Autonomic Nerves

  • Parasympathetic (mostly CN10) increases secretion and contraction
  • Sympathetic decreases secretion and contraction
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19
Q

What are the 2 outer layers of the gut tube called?

A
  • Adventitia

- Visceral peritoneum

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20
Q

What is the difference between the adventitia and the visceral peritoneum?

A

The adventitia is the CT layer found around the GIT in regions outside the abdominopelvic cavity (esophagus and anus) while the visceral peritoneum is the covering of the GIT within the abdominopelvic cavity.

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21
Q

What are the three functions of the mouth/oral cavity?

A
  • Mastication
  • Saliva secretion
  • Mixing/bolus formation
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22
Q

What are the muscles of mastication and what nerve innervates them?

A
  • Masseter, temporalis, medial and lateral pterygoid

- CN5

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23
Q

What are the glands that perform saliva secretion and what are they innervated by?

A
  • Submandibular- CN7
  • Sublingual- CN7
  • Parotid- CN9
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24
Q

What muscles are involved in bolus formation and what are they innervated by?

A
  • Tongue- CN12

- Buccinator- CN7

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25
Q

What are the sensory nerves for taste?

A

CN7,9,10

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26
Q

What nerve is responsible for tactile sensation of the face?

A

CN5

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27
Q

The pharynx muscles are innervated by what nerves?

A
  • Constrictor muscles- CN10

- Longitudinal muscles- CN10 except for stylopharyngeus which is CN9

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28
Q

What are the three main components of the esophagus?

A
  • Upper esophageal sphincter
  • Esophagus proper w/ muscles for peristalsis
  • Lower esophageal sphincter
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29
Q

What is the respiratory diaphragm crura?

A

?

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30
Q

What is the extra muscle layer in the wall of the stomach for?

A

Conversion of bolus to chyme

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31
Q

What is secreted by the stomach for chemical digestion of proteins?

A

Gastric juice

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32
Q

What protects the walls from chemical digestion?

A

Mucus

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33
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
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34
Q
  • What is the primary site of absorption?
  • What structures help with optimal absorption?
  • What is located on the microvilli?
A
  • Small Intestine
  • Villi and microvilli
  • Brush border enzymes
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35
Q

What are the three parts of chemical digestion occuring in the small intestine?

A
  • Pancreatic juice- digests globs to large molecules of protein
  • Bile from liver-digests fat globs to lipid droplets
  • Brush border enzymes-digest large molecules to small absorbable molecules
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36
Q

What percentage of absorption occurs in the SI?

A

90%

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37
Q

What are the parts of the large intestine?

A
  • Cecum/appendix
  • Ascending colon
  • Transverese colon
  • Descending colon
  • Sigmoid colon
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38
Q

What percentage of absorption occurs at the LI?

A

10%

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39
Q

Absorption of what occurs in the LI?

A

Vitamins and minerals

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40
Q

ABDOMINAL ORGAN CIRCULATION

A

ABDOMINAL ORGAN CIRCULATION

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41
Q

The abdominal aorta is divided into __________ plane, _________ plane, and __________ abdominal arteries.

A
  • Anterior midline
  • Lateral
  • Posterolateral
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42
Q

The anterior midline plane arteries are _________ while the lateral plane and posterolateral arteries are ________.

A
  • Unpaired

- Paired

43
Q

What are the arteries of the anterior midline plane?

A
  • Celiac Trunk
  • Superior Mesenteric Artery
  • Inferior Mesinteric Artery
44
Q

What does the celiac trunk supply?

A
  • Stomach
  • Spleen
  • Pancreas
  • Liver
  • Proximal Duodenum
45
Q

What does the superior mesenteric artery supply?

A
  • Distal Duodenum
  • Jejenum
  • Ilium
  • Cecum
  • Ascending Colon
  • 1/2 Transverse Colon
46
Q

What does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?

A
  • 1/2 Transverse Colon
  • Descending Colon
  • Sigmoid Colon
  • Rectum
  • Distal Anus
47
Q

All of the anterior midline arteries drain into what?

A

Veins that feed the hepatic portal system

48
Q

What does the liver do with the blood drained into it?

A
  • Clean newly absorbed toxins

- Stores newly absorbed glucose

49
Q

What are the lateral plane arteries?

A
  • Inferior Phrenic
  • Suprarenal
  • Renal
  • Gonadal
50
Q

What do the posterolateral arteries go to?

A

Diaphragm and abdominal wall

51
Q

The hepatic portal vein is supplied with blood via the _______________ that drain directly into the capillary network of the ______.

A
  • Anterior midline arteries

- Liver

52
Q

What are the veins that drain into the IVC?

A
  • Hepatic veins
  • Gonadal veins
  • Renal veins
  • Inferior phrenic veins
  • Suprarenal veins
53
Q

What is the order of the lymphatics?

A
  • lymph capillaries in cavity and organs
  • lymph vessels
  • lymph nodes
  • cisterna chyli
  • thoracic duct
  • left angle between jugular and subclavien veins
54
Q

NERVES TO ABDOMINAL ORGANS

A

NERVES TO ABDOMINAL ORGANS

55
Q

What are the sympathetic nerves?

A
  • Chain (paravertebral) ganglia (lumbosacral splanchic nerves)
  • Prevertebral ganglia
56
Q

The paravertebral ganglia goes from ___ to ___ bilaterally.

A

T1 to L2 bilaterally

57
Q

What are the parts of the prevertebral ganglia? What do they do?

A
  • celiac ganglia-innervate digestive tract
  • aorticorenal- composed of superior and inferior mesenteric
  • superior mesenteric- innervates SI
  • inferior mesenteric- innervates descending and sigmoid colon, rectum, urinary bladder, and sexual organs
58
Q

What are the parasympathetic innervations of the abdominal organs?

A
  • vagus nerve

- pelvic nerves (pelvic splanchic nerves)

59
Q

Ganglia is in the wall of the _____ of innervation.

A

organ

60
Q

What are the nerve plexuses in the abdomen?

A
  • celiac plexus
  • superior mesenteric plexus
  • inferior mesenteric plexus
  • superior hypogastric
  • inferior hypogastric
61
Q

What is the final innervation of the abdominal organs? What does it do?

A
  • Splanchnic nerves

- Connect sympathetic chain ganglia to prevertebral ganglia and plexi

62
Q

PERITONEUM

A

PERITONEUM

63
Q

What are the 4 parts of the serous membranes?

A
  • parietal peritoneum
  • visceral peritoneum
  • peritoneal cavity
  • retroperitoneal
64
Q

The parietal peritoneum lines the walls of the ___________ cavity.

A

abdominopelvic

65
Q

The visceral peritoneum covers most of the _______ in the abdominopelvic cavity.

A

organs

66
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity?

What does it contain?

A
  • The space between the visceral and parietal peritoneum

- Serous fluid=peritoneal fluid

67
Q

What is the retroperitoneal?

A

Organs located in the posterior cavity which have visceral peritoneum only on their anterior surface

68
Q

What are the retroperitoneal organs?

A
  • kidneys
  • pancreas
  • significant parts of duodenum
  • ascending and descending colon
69
Q

What are the 5 prominent peritoneal folds?

A
  • mesentary
  • mesocolon
  • falciform ligament
  • lesser omentum
  • greater omentum
70
Q

What does the mesentary attach?

A

SI to posterior abdominal wall

71
Q

What does the mesocolon attach?

A

LI to the posterior abdominal wall

72
Q

What does the falciform ligament attach?

A

liver to anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm

73
Q

What does the lesser omentum attach?

A

stomach and duodenum to liver

74
Q

What does the greater omentum attach?

A

stomach, duodenum, and colon

75
Q

ACCESSORY ORGANS

A

ACCESSORY ORGANS

76
Q

What are the 3 accessory organs?

A
  • Spleen
  • Pancreas
  • Liver
77
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

lymphatic organ, remove/recycle old RBC’s, blood resorvoir

78
Q

Where is the spleen located?

A

Superior Left Quadrant

-posterior to stomach, anterior to diaphragm

79
Q

The pancreas has an ______ and a _______ function. What are they?

A

Exocrine
-secretes pancreatic juice containing bicarbonate buffer, and digestive enzymes into duodenum via the hepatopancreatic ampulla duc
Endocrine
-secretes hormones (primarily insulin and glucagon) into blood

80
Q

The pancreas releases digestive enzymes where?

A

duodenum

81
Q

Insulin is _______, glucagon is __________

A
  • anabolic (builds up)

- catabolic

82
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

Retroperitoneal superior right and left quadrants

83
Q

What is the pancreas connected to the duodenum by?

A
  • main pancreatic duct and sphincter/hepatopancreatic ampulla/hepatopancreatic sphincter
  • accessory pancreatic duct
84
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the liver?

A
  • digestion (bile)- emulsifies fat

- excretion (bile)- contains excess cholesterol and bilirubin

85
Q

What are some other functions of the liver?

A
  • glucose storage
  • detoxification
  • plasma protein production and secretion= plasma osmotic pressure
  • calcium homeostasis (vitamin D)
86
Q

Where is the liver located?

A

largest gland located in the superior right and left quadrants next to porta hepatis=portal triad

87
Q

What is the porta hepatis (portal triad)?

A

Deep fissure in the inferior surface of the liver through which all the neurovascular structures (except hepatic veins) and hepatic ducts enter or leave the liver

88
Q

The portal triad recieves both _____ and _______.

A
  • input

- output

89
Q

What is the input into the porta hepatis?

A
  • hepatic portal vein
  • hepatic artery
  • hepatic nerve plexus
90
Q

What is the hepatic portal vein?

A

Venous blood from celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric arteries. Has reduced oxygen content but still 40% more O2 than normal venous blood.

91
Q

The hepatic artery consists of what percentage of blood input? Where does it come from?

A
  • 25%

- Celiac artery

92
Q

What is the output of the porta hepatus?

A
  • hepatic veins
  • hepatic bile ducts
  • lymphatic vessels
93
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

store, concentrate, and convey bile from liver to duodenum

94
Q

What connects the gallbladder to the duodenum?

A

series of bile ducts

95
Q

What is the location of the gallbladder?

A

Upper right quadrant under liver

96
Q

What is the final passage for feces?

A

anal canal

97
Q

What is the location of the anal canal?

A

In anal triangle of the pelvic diaphragm

98
Q

How many sphincters are there in the anal canal?

A

-2, external and internal anal sphincter

99
Q

The internal sphincter is _______ while the external is ________.

A
  • involuntary

- voluntary

100
Q

The pectineal line creates what?

A

superior and inferior divisions

101
Q

The superior division is __________ (________) innervations while the inferior division is __________ (_______________) innervations.

A
  • visceral (unconcious)

- somatic (conscious sensory=pain)

102
Q

What is the anus?

A

opening

103
Q

What are the attachments of the anal canal?

A
  • anococcygeal ligament (posterior)

- peroneal body (anterior)

Anatomy Exam 3 (6 decks)

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