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E: Human Morphogenesis and Embryologically > Gastrulation > Flashcards

Gastrulation Flashcards

1
Q

Gastrulation?

A

Process by which the blastula becomes a 3-layered embryo or gastrula

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2
Q

Graphical representation of the names of the different stages of development

A

see additional sheet 24

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3
Q

Name the 6 cellular mechanisms involved in gastrulation?

A
  1. Invagination
  2. Ingression
  3. Involution
  4. Epibody
  5. Inercalation
  6. Convergent extension
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4
Q

What happens during invagination?

A

Sheet of cells (called epitheial sheet) bends inwards

See AS25

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5
Q

What happens during ingression?

AS25

A

Individual cells leave an epithelial sheet and become freely migrated

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6
Q

What happens during involution?

AS25

A

An epithelial sheet rolls inwards to form an underlying sheet

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7
Q

What happens during epibody?

AS25

A

Sheet of cells spreads by thinning.

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8
Q

What happens during intercalation?

AS25

A

Rows of cells move between one another, creating an array of cells that is longer but thinner

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9
Q

What happens during convergent extension?

AS25

A

Rows of cell intercalate, highly directional.

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10
Q

What 3 germ lines is the gastrulation consists of:

A

Ectoderm

Mesoderm

Endoderm

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11
Q
A
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12
Q

What does the ectoderm form into?

A

Skin

Brain

Spinal cord

etc.

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13
Q

What does the mesoderm form into?

A

Muscle

Bone

Heart

Etc

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14
Q

What does the endoderm form into?

A

Gut

Pharynx

Lungs

etc

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15
Q

Where does the primitive streak appear?

A

On the epiblast- at the half exposed to the aminotic cavity.

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16
Q

How is it determined what end will become the head?

A

The end with the primitive steak will becme the head.

The other will be the caudal.

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17
Q

What does the primitive node consists of?

A

A slightly, elevated area surrounding in the small primitive pit.

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18
Q

Where does the cells of the epiblast migrate towards?

A

The primitive steak

AS27

19
Q

What shape does the cells become?

Why is this important?

AS27

A

They become flask-shape

Can detach from the epiblast and slip beneath it.

20
Q

Graphic representation of the location of the primitive streak?

A

AS 26

21
Q

What is the name of the cavity beneath the epiblast?

A

Sub-germinal cavity

as27

22
Q

What controls cell mirgation?

A

Fibroblast growth factor 8

FGF8

23
Q

What happens to the cells once they have invaginated?

A

Some displace the hypoblast creating the embryonic endoderm

Some come to lie between the epiblast & newly created endoderm to form the mesoderm.

The cells that remain in the epiblast then from the ectoderm.

24
Q

What are the different areas of the primitive steak?

A

AS28

25
Q

What does the gastrulation movement require?

A

An EMT

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition

26
Q

EMT?

A

The process by which epithelial cells lose their cell polarity and cell-cell adhesion, and gain migratory and invasive properties to become mesenchymal stem cells

27
Q

How is E-Cadherin important?

A

E-cadherin is present in columnar epithelial cell.

Loss during the cell changing shape to the bottle shape and eventually messenchyme cell.

28
Q

FGF8?

A

Growth factor

Controlling cell movement by down-stream regulation of E-cadherin.

29
Q

E-cadherin?

A

Protein that normally binds epiblast cells together.

30
Q

When the cells move between the epiblast and hypoblast layers. What way do they move?

A

Laterally and cranially

31
Q

Prechoral plate?

A

Forms between the tip of the notochord and the orophoryngeal membrane.

Derived from the first cells migrate through the node.

32
Q

Graphical representation of the movement of cells?

A

See AS29

33
Q

What does the first cells that enter the primitive steak become?

A

The endoderm

34
Q

What does later cells that enter the primitive streak becom?

A

Mesoderm

35
Q

What does the cells that do not enter the primitive streak become?

A

Endoderm

36
Q

What happens to the cells that enter the node?

A

Become notochord

37
Q

What Does the prenotochordal cells do?

AS30

A

Invaginating in the primitive node and move forward cranially in the midline until they reach the prechordal plate.

38
Q

Why does the midline of the embryo consists of 2 cell layers for a short period of time? Formation of the notochord

AS30

A

The prenotochoral cells become intercalated in the hypoblast

39
Q

How does the notochondral detach from the endoderm?

AS30

A

The hypoblast is replaced by endoderm cells moving in at the streak.

Cells of the notochoral plate proliferate and detach,

40
Q

What the cells of the notochondral plate must do to become the definitive notochord?

AS30

A

Must form a solid cord of cells.

41
Q

What end of the notochord is formed first?

A

The cranial end forms first

Caudal regions follow as the primitive streak assumes a more caudal position.

42
Q

What is the name given to undifferentiated connective tissue?

A

Mesenchyme

Regardless of the cell layer it is derived from

43
Q

Mesenchyme

A

The part of the embryonic mesoderm that consists of

loosely packed, unspecialized cells

44
Q

What potency is the cells now after gastrulation?

A

No longer totipotent but instead pluripotent.

Capable of giving rise to multiple cell types instead of all the cell types.

E: Human Morphogenesis and Embryologically (15 decks)

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