Gender and Language Flashcards
1
Q
Who wrote the “Dominance Approach”?
A
Otto Jespersen
2
Q
What does the Dominance Approach claim?
A
- Women don’t know as many words
- Women don’t understand complex language
- Women read slower than men
3
Q
What language feature does (Pamela) Fishman base her theory on?
A
Questions
4
Q
What does Fishman claim?
A
- Women use tag questions when following a suggestion
- Women use questions to gain conversational power
- Questions don’t show uncertainty but are used to keep a conversation going.
5
Q
Who wrote the “Deficit Approach”?
A
Robin Lakoff
6
Q
What does the Deficit Approach claim?
A
- Women’s language is weak
- Women’s language lacks authority
This is because they use- - Precise cleaning terms
-Specific colour terms - Weak expletives
- Empty adjectives
- Tag questions
- Polite and apologise
-Hedges - Intensifiers
- Indirect command questions
-They avoid slang
7
Q
Which theorist focuses on gender similarities?
A
(Janet) Hyde- Gender Similarities Hypothesis
8
Q
What does Hyde’s theory claim?
A
- Men and women are more alike then they are different
- Sexuality can influence gender differences
- Gender differences vary at different ages
9
Q
Which 2 theorists also proved the Dominance Approach?
A
(Don) Zimmerman and (Candace) West
10
Q
What did Zimmerman and West find?
A
- They found that most interruptions/overlaps are made predominantly by men especially in mixed sex conversations
- In same sex conversations interruptions are equal between the people in the conversation.
- This proves that males obtain power and authority in conversations.
11
Q
What was (Koenraad) Kuiper’s theory bases on?
A
Insults
12
Q
What did he discover?
A
- When men are talking they are less likely to pay attention
- Use insults as a way of expressing solidarity
- All male talk has a heightened difference in cooperation amongst all male groups.
13
Q
What does (Deborah) Tannen’s Difference theory cover?
A
Male and Female contrasts
14
Q
What did Tannen find and conclude?
A
- Males and females miscommunicate because they have a different way of communicating.
- Men favour independence while Females seek intimacy
15
Q
What did Coates theory suggest?
A
- Males and Females develop different speaking styles as they have different interactions
- She examined the functionality of language development
- Makes comparisons between different age groups
- Men interact based on power
- Women interact based on solidarity and support
