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First Year cell biology > General Cells (Week 1) > Flashcards

General Cells (Week 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What does Eukaryotic mean?

A

Plants, Fungi, Protists and animals would be in this group as they have a nucleus.

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2
Q

What is a Protist?

A

A Eukaryotic (as it has a nucleus), however this is a group for that which does not belong in plants, animals or fungi.

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3
Q

What does Prokaryotic mean?

A

Bacteria and Archaea would be in this group as they do not have a nucleus.

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4
Q

Explain the difference Archaea has compared to bacteria?

A

Archaea is the same size as bacteria and is structurally similar however the molecular organisation is different.

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5
Q

What would you call a cell containing a single cell?

A

Unicellular.

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6
Q

What is an Organelle and an example?

A

An organelle (which really means little organs) are specialised structures in a cell which carry out various jobs such as lysosome (digestive enzymes)

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7
Q

What are cytoskeletons?

A

A cell skeleton and stabilises a cell.

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8
Q

What are microscopes referred to as in a setting of Biology?

A

Microscopy.

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9
Q

What are the two mains types of microscopy?

A

Light microscopy and Electron microscopy.

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10
Q

What are the main types of Light microscopy?

A

There is transmitted (stained and phase contrast)

There is fluorescent (fluorescence and confocal)

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11
Q

What are the main types of Electron microscopy?

A

There is Scanning.

There is Transmission.

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12
Q

What does LM mean?

A

Light microscopy.

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13
Q

What does EM mean?

A

Electron microscopy.

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14
Q

What does SEM mean?

A

Scanning electron microscopy.

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15
Q

What does TEM mean?

A

Transmission electron microscopy.

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16
Q

Name the Single celled organisms?

A

Bacteria, Archaea and protists.

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17
Q

Name multicellular organisms?

A

Plants and animals.

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18
Q

How does Staining work for light microscopy?

A

You use special stain which allows you to see different parts of the cell such as the membrane.

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19
Q

How does Phase Contrast work for light microscopy?

A

You use different filters which enhances contrast and creates a pseudo 3d image.

20
Q

How does fluorescence work for light microscopy?

A

Detects light from fluorescent molecules, using light to produce the energy and emit wavelengths, fluorescent molecules are attached to antibodies and the antibodies bind to specific molecules of cell which can be visualised.

21
Q

How does confocal work for light microscopy?

A

Confocal uses fluorescent filters, this increases the clarity and reduces the noise (Decrease Detector aperture/ pin hole)

22
Q

What’s multiplex fluorescent/ what does it do?

A

Using different dyes, you can view separate parts of the cell, individually or collectively.

23
Q

What are the main limitations of light microscopy?

A

Magnification, resolution and the wavelength of the light used .

24
Q

Why is magnification a limitation in light microscopy?

A

It’s the ratio of image to real size and the size of the actual specimen. The microscope can do 1000th the size, any more and it will become increasing blurry and will impact the resolution of the image.

25
Q

Why is resolution a limitation in light microscopy?

A

Due to the limits on magnifications, some specimens may look joined together when they could be seperated (distance between two objects)

26
Q

In a basic way, how does electron microscopy differ from light microscopy?

A

Light microscopy uses light where as electron microscopy uses electrons.

27
Q

How does SEM work?

A

A heavy metal (like gold) is used, electrons are fire down onto the specimen and the scattered electrons from the surface of the thin gold are converted into creating a 3D image.

28
Q

If I am looking at a specimen and I want to see the specimen as a whole and various individual parts of it, what might I use in order to achieve this?

A

Multiplex fluorescent.

29
Q

If I am looking at a specimen and I need reduced noise and better clarity, how might I achieve this?

A

Using a light microscopy fluorescent confocal.

30
Q

How does EM magnify compared to LM in basic?

A

EM uses electrons to magnify where as LM uses light to magnify.

31
Q

How does transmission electron microscopy work?

A

It uses a thin beam of electrons which pass to the specimen, creating an image

32
Q

Why does electron microscopy produce better clarity and resolution/ magnification than light microscopy?

A

Electron microscopy uses electrons which produce a much lower wavelength allowing better resolution. light can go to 200nm, electron correspond to 0.0037nm.

33
Q

What is the difference between SEM and TEM?

A

Scanning electron microscopy creates an image via detecting knocked off or reflected electrons from surface whereas transmission electron microscopy creates an image of the electrons going through the sample.

34
Q

Why are wavelengths important for microscopy in general?

A

Wavelength give different resolutions. The lower the wavelength is, the better the resolution image you will get.

35
Q

What is a set back to using Electron microscopy?

A

Fixation Artefact can occur and will prevent tissue from decaying and is only used on fixed, dehydrated samples.

36
Q

What does microscopy not tell us about cells?

A

It doesn’t tell much about cellular structure.

37
Q

What is a way that you can separate sub cellular components (like organelles) from one another?

A

Cell fractionation.

38
Q

In basic what are the three main steps of cell fractionation?

A

homogenisation, filtration and centrifugation.

39
Q

In Cell fractionation, what does Homogenisation do?

A

Separate cellular components such as organelles into fractions which allowed different cell components to be studied in isolation.

40
Q

In Cell fractionation, what does filtration do?

A

It filters the fractions of components (from centrifugation) into density (through G force) and you can study their biochemical properties.

41
Q

In Cell fractionation, what does centrifugation do?

A

Separate organelles in the homogenate in terms of their density.

42
Q

What is homogenate?

A

The fractions from cells (a slurry of tissue).

43
Q

What’s a key difference between single celled organisms compared to multicellular organisms?

A

Single celled organisms show greater diversity.

44
Q

What is excitation light?

A

A light gives energy to a fluorochrome which causes it to emit wavelengths which allows resolution to be seen.

45
Q

How does a confocal microscope achieve better clarity?

A

Yes via the wavelengths but also through the pin hole which reduces out of focus fluorescence.

46
Q

What does fractionate mean?

A

It means to split a cell into fractions like separating organelle into fractions (Like disection).

First Year cell biology (10 decks)

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