General chemistry

Answer 1

E = hf = hc/wavelength
Paramagnetic: at least one unpaired electron
Diamagnetic: all paired
Chromium and copper are weird

Question 2

Equations to know

Answer 2

Coulomb’s law
Fe = Zeff + C / r^2
Zeff= Z - core electron

Formal charge= (valence electrons) - (1/2 bonding electrons) - (lone pairs)

Question 3

Geometry

Answer 3

Sp = linear (180 deg)
Sp2 = trigonal planar (120 deg)
AX2E = bent
Sp3 = tetrahedral (109.5 deg)
AX4 = tetrahedral
AX3E = trigonal pyramidal
AX2E2 = bent

Answer 4

Breaking bond = endothermic
Compounds with covalent bonds and ionic bonds = insulators
Compounds with metallic bonds, aqueous solution of an ionic compounds = conductors
Hydrogen bonds on FON

Question 5

Enthalpy

Answer 5

Change in enthalpy = bonds broken - bonds formed
Change in enthalpy formation = nHf products - nHf reactants

Question 6

Free energy equation

Answer 6

DeltaG = deltaH - T(deltaS)

Answer 7

Phase change:
Q= n(deltaH phase change)

Temp change:
q= mc (deltaT)

Question 8

Solubility rules of electrolytes

Answer 8

Always soluble: group 1 ions, H+, NH4+, NO3-, CH3COO-, ClO4-

Usually insoluble: Ag+, Pb2+, Pb4+, (Hg2)2+, Hg2+, CO3-2, PO4-3, S-2

Question 9

Ideal gas laws

Answer 9

1. Avogadro’s law: V = n regardless of identity of gas
2. Boyle’s law: P1V1= P2V2
3. Charles’ law: V1/ T1 = V2/T2
4. Gay-Lussac’s law: P1/ T1 = P2/ T2

Ideal gas law: 22.4L / mol and 1 atm and 273K

Question 10

Real gas law

Answer 10

(P + an^2 / V^2)(V - nb) = nRT
A= IMF
B= size

Question 11

Dalton’s law

Answer 11

Ptotal = sum of partial pressures
Pgas = (mole fraction)(Ptotal)

Question 12

Graham’s law of diffusion/ effusion

Answer 12

Rate of gas 1/ rate of gas 2 = square root of molar mass of gas 2 / molar mass of gas 1

Question 13

Reaction rate

Answer 13

Rate = (-1/r)(delta [R] / delta t) = (+1/p) (delta [P] / delta t)

Question 14

Rate laws

Answer 14

Oth order: double concentration but same rate (M/s)
1st order: double conc and double rate (1/s)
2nd order: everything else (1/M*s)

Question 15

Equilibrium constant Kc

Answer 15

Temp changes K
Kc or Kp = [products]^p / [reactants]^r
Partial pressures can also be used
Q= instance from equilibrium

Question 16

Free energy

Answer 16

DeltaG = deltaGdeg + RT lnQ
Gdeg = -RT lnK5

Question 17

formation Kf and dissociation constant Kd and affinity constant Kaff

Answer 17

Kd and Kf= [products] / [reactant]
Kf and Kaff = 1 / Kd

Question 18

Rate constants

Answer 18

Rforward = Rreverse @equilibrium
Keq = Kforward / Kreverse
When you combine equilibrium, multiply constants

Question 19

Solubility equilibrium Ksp

Answer 19

Ksp or Qsp = [aq product]^ [aq product]^
If Qsp > Ksp, precipitate will form, more saturated

Common ion effect: a salts sobulity will decrease if its added to a solution containing a common ion

Question 20

Acids and bases

Answer 20

Strong acids and bases: Ka/b > 1
Weak: Ka/b < 1
-an acidic salt con stains an ion that is a weak acid (group 1 and 2 cations are not acidic)- salt will be neutral
-a basic salt contains an ion that is a weak base (Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3- are not basic) - salt will be neutral

Question 21

Strong acids and strong bases

Answer 21

Strong acid:
H2SO4
HClO4
HNO3
HCl
HBr
HI

Strong bases:
O-2
OH-
OR-
NH2-
NR2-
H-
R-

Question 22

Autoionization of water

Answer 22

Kw= KaKb = 10^-14
PKa = -logKa
Ka= 10^(-pKa)
PKa + pKb = 14
PH = -log [H3O+]
PH + pOH = 14
PH = -log [SA] = -(exponent inside log)
PH = -1/2 log (Ka[Wa])
PH= pKa + log ([WB]/[WA])

Question 23

Cell potential and free energy

Answer 23

DeltaG = -nFEcell

Question 24

Galvanic vs electrolytic cells

Answer 24

Galvanic:
Cathode- reduction (+) middle thing
Anode- oxidation (-) surrounding

Electrolytic:
Cathode- reduction (-) surrounding
Anode- oxidation (+) middle thing

Question 25

Nernst equation

Answer 25

E = Edeg - (RT/nF)(lnQ)
Edeg= (RT/nF)(lnK)

Answer 26

Alpha decay: A-4, Z-2
Beta decay: Z+1
Positron emission: Z-1
Electron capture: Z-1
Gamma decay:

Question 27

Energy changes of nuclear reactions

Answer 27

DeltaE = BEparent - BEdaughter