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Exam 1 > General Inforamtion about the Endocrine System > Flashcards

General Inforamtion about the Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

List the 5 Properties of lipid soluble hormones

A
  1. Includes all steroids & thyroxine
  2. Can go through phospholipid bilayer
  3. Recepters can be inside the cell
  4. Uses direct gene activation
  5. Slow (has to make new enzymes)
    * Causes Transcription / Translation (protein synthesis)
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2
Q

List the 5 Properties of non-lipid soluble hormones

A
  1. Includes all peptides and monoamines
  2. Can’t go through phospholipid bilayer
  3. Receptors must be located on outside of cell
  4. Uses the second messenger system
  5. Fast (Changes preexisting enzymes)
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3
Q

Hormones are divided into what 3 classes?

A

Steroid Hormones - Lipid Soluble
Peptide Hormones - Non-lipid Soluble
Monoamines - Non-lipid soluble, except Thyroxine

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4
Q

Steroid Hormones include?

A

(Are lipid soluble)

  1. Sex Hormones (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone)
  2. Corticosteroids (cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, DHEA)
  3. Calcitriol (not steroid, but has hydrophobic character)
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5
Q

Peptide Hormones include?

A

(Non-lipid soluble)

  1. Hypothalamus (Releasing and inhibiting hormones)
  2. Anterior & Posterior pituitary hormones
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6
Q

Monoamines include?

A

(Non-lipid soluble except thyroxine)

  1. Catecholamines (Epinephrine, norepinephrin, dopamin)
  2. Melatonin, thyroid hormone (thyroxine)
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7
Q

What are the 3 (mechanisms) ways to stimulate an endocrine gland to release hormones?

A
  1. Trophic Stimulation (hormonal) - Anterior Pituitary
  2. Non-humoral Stimulation (Humoral) Glucose itself can release insulins to lower blood sugar levels
  3. Nervous Stimulation (Neural) - Posterior Pituitary gland, Pineal gland, Adrenal Medulla
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8
Q

cAMP as a second messenger, list the (6) steps?

A

(Very Fast)

  1. Hormone- receptor binding activates a G protein
  2. G protein activates adenylate cyclase
  3. Adenylate cyclase produces cAMP
  4. cAMP activates protein kinases
  5. Protein kinases activates (phosphorylates) some enzymes and deactivates others
  6. Activated enzymes catalyze metabolic reactions with a wide range of possible effects on the cell
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9
Q

Endocrine is different from Exocrine because?

A

Has NO duct
Releases into interstitial fluid into circulatory system
Has intracellular effect (by altering the metabolism of its target cells)
slow

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10
Q

Classic Endocrine System includes? (9)

A 
Pineal Gland
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid Glands
Thymus Gland
Adrenal Gland
Pancreas
Gonads (Ovaries & Testis)
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11
Q

Endocrine Functions of other organs?

A

Heart, skin, liver, kidneys, stomach, small intestine, placenta

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12
Q

What are hormones?

A
  1. Chemical messengers that are secreted into the bloodstream (very small amonts)
  2. Travel anywhere the blood goes, but only affect those cells they have receptors for (target cells)
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13
Q

What is Up-regulation?

A

when a cell increases the number of hormone receptors
As a result becomes more sensitive to the hormone
EX: Late pregnancy, the utrus produces oxytocin receptors

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14
Q

What is down-regulation?

A

When a cell reduces its receptor population
As a result becomes less sensitive to a hormone
EX: Cell of the testis down-regulate in response to high concentrations of LH

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15
Q

Characteristics of the Endocrine system?

  1. Purpose
  2. Means
  3. Responds
  4. Afterstimulus stops
  5. Target & Effect
  6. Control Stimulation
  7. Speed
A
  1. Serves as internal communication
  2. Chemical
  3. Responds within seconds to several days
  4. Effects continue long after stimulus stops
  5. Circulates throughout body, general
  6. Dosage
  7. Slow, chronic
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16
Q

Negative Feedback?

A

The fundumental mechanism that keeps a variable close to its set point
EX: Thermoregulation

17
Q

Positive Feedback?

A

Self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to an even greater change in the same direction
EX: Delivery & Ovulation

18
Q

What type of hormones bind to integral (trans) membrane protein receptors?

A

Non-lipid soluble

19
Q

Hormones that affect other endocrine glands are called?

A

tropic

20
Q

Characteristics of the Nervous system?

  1. Purpose
  2. Means
  3. Responds
  4. Afterstimulus stops
  5. Target & Effect
  6. Control Stimulation
  7. Speed
A
  1. Serves for internal communication
  2. Electrical and Chemical (Neurotransmitters)
  3. Responds usually within 1-10 msec
  4. Precisely targeted, local, specific
  5. control of syimulation is Frequently
  6. Fast, acute control
21
Q

The rate of degradation in the blood refers to a hormone’s?

A

Half life

Exam 1 (5 decks)

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