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Bio > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

DNA
what is it?
what is it made of?

A

long sequence double-helix shape
sugar and phosphate form backbone
nitrogenous base pairs form the rungs

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2
Q

Genes
what is it/does it do?
what is it responsible for?

A

segment of dna, section of genetic code
1 gene can b a code 4 a particular trait or several genes may be needed in a combination
physical characteristics, behaviour or capability for disease

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3
Q

Chromosomes
what is it?
how many of each type in 1 cell?

A

condensed structure in which DNA is organized

cells have 2 types of each type of chromo (1 from mom, 1 from dad)

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4
Q

how many chromosomes or chromosome pairs do humans have in 1 cell?

A 
46 chromosomes (diploid)
23 homologous pairs of chromosomes (haploid)
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5
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes of each type do humans have ?

A

22 pairs of autosomes (bodily traits)

1 pair of sex chromosomes (code for gender)

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6
Q

what is a karyotype??

when does it take place?

A

picture chart
metaphase
genetic chart made up of homologuos pairs of chromo
made by staining cells

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7
Q

why does meiosis take place?

A

exchange of hereditary material (mixed and transferred)

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8
Q

23 is the number of what in the gametes?

A

haploid # of chromosomes

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9
Q

going into mitosis, how many pairs are there?

A

4n=92

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10
Q

what occurs in ONLY prophase I ???

A

crossing over btw homologous chromosomes

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11
Q

explain the events in metaphase I and II

A

random assortment of chromosomes in the middle of the cell

increase in genetic diversity

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12
Q

describe interphase

A

before meiosis
chromosomes have duplicated
chromatin begin to condense

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13
Q

in which stage of meiosis do the chromatin shorten to form chromosomes which then pair up to form tetrads and then genes cross over?

A

meiosis prophase I

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14
Q

in meiosis I what lines up and where do they do it? what happens after the lining up?

A

tetrads along middle of cell

spindle fibres attach to centromeres of chromosomes

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15
Q

the homologous chromosomes separate to where there are no more tetrads in which phase?
at this point what do the spindle fibres do?

A

anaphase I

move towards poles of cell

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16
Q

when cell begins to divide into 2 daughter cells it is which phase

A

telophase I and cytokinesis

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17
Q

in telophase and cytokinesis I, each daughter cell can get _____________

A

any combo of maternal and paternal chromosomes

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18
Q

once the first half of meiosis has taken place, the two cells are now (#)

A

diploid

2n=23

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19
Q

what is a sister chromatid?

A

duplicated chromosomes

2 sister chromatids

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20
Q

describe the events of anaphase II?

A

centromeres split

sister chromatids are now separated and move to opposite poles of cell

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21
Q

when is meiosis over?

A

telophase II and cytokinesis

formation of 4 cells

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22
Q

compared to a somatic cell, how many chromosomes does a germ cell carry?

A

half the number

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23
Q

Who is Mendel?

A

Gregor Mendel worked in a monastery
he tested genetic crossing on pea plants
complete dominance

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24
Q

what is a genotype?

A

genetic expression of a gene, genetic code

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25
Q

dominant alleles use a _______ letter, recessive us a ______ letter

A

capital, lowercase

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26
Q

each gene requires how many genes to express the trait?

A

2

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27
Q

what is a phenotype?

A

PHYSICAL expression of a gene

depends on the combination of alleles

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28
Q

describe dominant phenotype

A

when 1 or both alleles are the dominant allele

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29
Q

describe recessive phenotype

A

only when BOTH alleles are recessive

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30
Q

homozygous is ……

A

2 copies of the same allele

AA or aa

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31
Q

heterozygous is……..

A

2 different copies of an allele (hybrid)

Aa

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32
Q

allele

A

one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome

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33
Q

each gamete contains how many alleles of a gene for any given trait?

A

ONE

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34
Q

what is diploid?

what cells is it present?

A

2 complete sets of chromosomes
2n
somatic/body cells

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35
Q

what is haploid?

what cells is it present?

A

1 single set of chromosomes
n
gametes/sex cells

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36
Q

chromatin

A

unwound dna

found in interphase

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37
Q

what type of dna is used for macromolecule synthesis?

A

chromatin

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38
Q

dna

A

self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes
carrier of genetic info

39
Q

genes

A

segments of dna

sections of genetic code

40
Q

homologous

A

chromosomes pairing during meiosis

having same structural features and pattern of genes

41
Q

how many homologous pairs of chromosomes does a cell get from each parent?

A

23 from each

42
Q

what is a chiasmata?

A

the point where the tetrads cross over

43
Q

what goes on/what is interphase? (mitosis)

A

cell grows
duplicates dna
in btw stages of dividing

44
Q

what stage does dna duplicate?

A

s phase of interphase

45
Q

what takes place in g2 of interphase?

A

molecules check to make sure duplication has been done

46
Q

prophase (mitosis)

A

dna recoils
chromosome condenses
nuclear membrane dissolves
chromosomes become visible

47
Q

metaphase (mitosis)

A

chromosomes line up @ middle of cell w help of spindle fibres
sister chromatids

48
Q

chromosomes split @ centromere
sister chromatids pulled by spindle fibres to opposite poles
which phase?

A

anaphase (mitosis)

49
Q

when a cell splits in mitosis, the dna going to each new cell is __________

A

identical

50
Q

chromosomes reach opposite poles
nuclear membrane forms around chromosomes
which phase?

A

telophase (mitosis)

51
Q

what happens in cytokinesis?

A

rest of cell divides

cytoplasm, nuclei and all other organelles split

52
Q

what made pea plants a good choice for Mendel?

A
  1. east to control parentage
  2. easily grown and matured quickly
  3. produced many seeds
  4. several easily identifiable contrasting triats
53
Q

yellow seed colour is ________

green seed colour is ___________

A

dominant

recessive

54
Q

the dominant pod shape is ________

the recessive is ________

A

inflated

wrinkled

55
Q

if purple flowers are dominant, white flowers are

A

recessive

56
Q

p generation

A

the parental generation

57
Q

f1 generation

A

1st filial (offspring) generation - children of the p generation

58
Q

f2 generation

A

2nd fililal (offspring) generation (grandchildren)

59
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

intermediate
blended phenotype
when neither cell is completely dominant
(grey, pink)

60
Q

Co-dominance

A

shared phenotype

2 alleles expressed @ the same time

61
Q

Multiple Allelism

A

when there are more than 2 possible alleles

62
Q

example of multiple allelism

A

blood types

a, b, o, ab

63
Q

A, B are ____________

O is ________________

A

dominant

recessive

64
Q

multifactorial traits

A

large # of different phenotypes

traits whose genes are found @ many loci

65
Q

example of multifactorial traits

A

height + hair colour

66
Q

sex-linked traits

A

x chromo is longer contains more chromosomes than y

67
Q

x-linked traits

A

since males only have 1 X they express the trait from the X no matter recessive
inherit from mom (dad give Y)

68
Q

list examples of x linked traits

A

red-green coloured blindness
hemophilia
male-pattern baldness
muscular dystrophy

69
Q

autosomal recessive inheritance

A 
skip generations (unaffected parents)
both parents must be heterozygous or homozygous recessive
70
Q

autosomal dominant inheritance

A

every generation

must have affected parents

71
Q

x-linked recessive inheritance

A

affected males may not have affected parents
if daughter is affected father must be affected
(no father to son)

72
Q

mutation

A

change in gene that alters its function

73
Q

factors causing mutation

A

radiation, abnormal temp, certain chemicals

74
Q

mutations in gametes will affect _____ cell in new offspring

A

EVERY

75
Q

congenital defects

A

clinical health problems visible @ birth

by genetic mutations or environmental agents

76
Q

aneuploidy

A

1 extra or 1 less SINGLE chromosome (45 OR 47)

often lethal before birth

77
Q

trisomy

A

1 extra chromosome

78
Q

monosomy

A

1 less chromosome

79
Q

downsyndrome

A

extra copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21)

80
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

blood disorder
autonomic recessive trait
RBCs carry less oxygen

81
Q

cystic fibrosis

A 
autonomic recessive
excess mucus in lungs
gene therapy (transplanting normal genes)
82
Q

nondisjunction

A

chromosomes failing to separate properly

causes aneuploidy

83
Q

XXY

A

klinefelter syndrome

hermaphroditic

84
Q

XYY

A

supermale

double testosterone

85
Q

XO

A

turners syndrome

infertile, smaller, weaker (physically)

86
Q

selective breeding

A

breed organisms w desirable traits

inbreeding

87
Q

hybridization/outbreeding

A

2 parents each homozygous for a different desirable trait

88
Q

amniocentesis

A

extraction of amniotic fluid to diagnose birth defects

89
Q

recombinant dna

A

dna molecule that is formed when portions of dna from 2 different sources are combined together
new info causes cell to produce a specific protein (lots of it)

90
Q

gene therapy

A

normal gene product given to affected individual

insert working copy of gene into virus

91
Q

human genome project

A

location of all human genes

92
Q

gene cloning

A

synthesizing multiple copies of a particular dna sequence using bacteria

93
Q

cellular cloning

A

identical cells are derived from a single cell

94
Q

nuclear cloning

A

cloning of whole organisms by transferring a complete nucleus

Bio (5 decks)

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