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Geography > Geography - Living With The Physical Environment - Natural Hazards > Flashcards

Geography - Living With The Physical Environment - Natural Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

Natural Hazards

A

A natural event that poses as a threat to humans and/or property

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2
Q

Types of hazards - Atmospheric

A

Tornadoes
Droughts

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3
Q

Types of hazards - Geological

A

Earthquakes
Volcanoes

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4
Q

Types of hazards - Flooding

A

Avalanches
Tsunami’s

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5
Q

Hazard risk

A

Chance of being affected by a natural hazard

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6
Q

Factors affecting risk

A

Urbanisation
Poverty
Farming
Climate change

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7
Q

Earthquakes

A

A sudden or violent movement within the earth crust

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8
Q

Volcano

A

A large landform, formed by a series of volcanic eruptions

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9
Q

Convection currents

A

Heat-driven cycles that occur in the mantle

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10
Q

Constructive plate margins/boundaries

A

Two plate boundaries move apart
As a gap appears magma forces its way upwards breaking through the overlying crust
This causes earthquakes
E.g. Azares

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11
Q

Destructive plate margins/boundaries

A

Two plates are moving towards each other
When the two plates meet a trench forms
The friction between the two plates causes earthquakes
One plate melts forming magma that breaks through the surface to form a steep-sided volcano
E.g. Andes

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12
Q

Collision plate margins/boundaries

A

Two plates are moving towards each other
The denser plate is subducted beneath the less dense
This friction causes earthquakes
E.g. San Andreas Fault

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13
Q

Conservative plate margins/boundaries

A

Two plate boundaries collide and the crust becomes uplifted
This creates fold mountains causing earthquakes
E.g. The Himalayas

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14
Q

Nepal case study - Facts

A

Date - 25/4/2015
Magnitude - 7.9
Plate boundary - destructive
Facts - Eurasian plate and Indo-Australian plate

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15
Q

Nepal case study - Primary effects

A

Social - 9000 died, 20000 injured, 8 million (1/3 of the population) affected
Economic - cost $5 billion, 50% of shops destroyed
Environmental - electricity shortage and no water supplies

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16
Q

Nepal case study - Secondary effects

A

Social - avalanche in Langtang region left 250 people missing
Economic - roads blocked
Environmental - landslide/avalanche killed 19 people

17
Q

Nepal case study - Immediate responses

A

Roads repaired
Landslides cleared
1/2 million tents provided
Financial aid

18
Q

Nepal case study - Long term responses

A

30000 migrated
Repairs to Everest base camp
7000 schools repaired

19
Q

Chile case study - Facts

A

Date - 27/2/2010
Magnitude - 8.8
Plate boundary - destructive
Facts - Nazca plate and South American plate

20
Q

Chile case study - Primary effects

A

Social - 500 died, 12000 injured, 800000 affected
Economic - cost $30 billion, 220000 homes destroyed
Environmental - no power, no water supplies

21
Q

Chile case study - Secondary effects

A

Social - coastal towns destroyed by waves
Economic - 1500km of roads destroyed, remote communications cut off
Environmental - Pacific countries struck by tsunami waves

22
Q

Chile case study - Immediate responses

A

Field hospitals
$60 million for emergency shelters
Power + water restored

23
Q

Chile case study - Long term responses

A

4 years to fully recover
Economy was rebuilt
Housing reconstruction plans

24
Q

Why do people choose to live in hazardous areas?

A

Poverty - cannot afford to move (V+E)

Location - want to live near family or friends (V+E)

Education - limited knowledge e.g. not knowing what to do (V+E)

Fertile soil and minerals - agricultural benefits, rocks = construction materials for buildings (V) (Used in Iceland - case study)

Geothermal energy - provides 90% of energy/electricity (V) (Used in Iceland - case study)

Monitoring - scientists can accurately tell when a disaster is going to happen through seismometers and animal behaviour (V+E)

Frequency - volcanoes don’t happen everyday, large earthquakes are rare (V+E)

25
Q

Reducing the risk - Earthquakes

A

Monitoring - earthquakes cannot be predicted

Prediction - no clear warning signs

Protection - walls are reinforced in steel, shock absorbers to absorb shaking, tsunami walls (protect people and important buildings e.g. nuclear power station)

Planning - use hazard maps as they show the effects of the earthquake

26
Q

Reducing the risk - Volcanoes

A

Monitoring - remote sensing (detect heat), gas (instruments detect gas), hydrology (measurement of gases dissolved in water)

Prediction - scientific monitoring

Protection - use earth embankments, use explosives to divert lava

Planning - use hazard maps to show the likely areas to be affected so people can be evacuated

Geography (5 decks)

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